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Abortion

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abortion
cause of death
Subclass ofmedical procedure type, pregnancy with abortive outcome, feticide, renunciation Edit
Health specialtyobstetrics Edit
Connects withright to life Edit
Main regulatory textStrafgesetzbuch, Criminal Code of Russia, Legge 22 maggio 1978, n. 194, Criminal Code of Belarus Edit
Get characteristiccontroversy Edit
Practiced byabortion provider Edit
Related categoryCategory:Songs about abortion Edit
ICPC 2 IDW83 Edit

Abortion be de termination of a pregnancy by removal anaa expulsion of an embryo anaa fetus.[1] De unmodified word abortion generally dey refer to induced abortion,[2][3] anaa deliberate actions to end a pregnancy. Abortion wey dey occur widout intervention be known as spontaneous abortion anaa "miscarriage", den dey occur in roughly 30–40% of all pregnancies.[4][5] Common reasons for inducing an abortion be birth-timing den limiting family size.[6][7][8] Oda reasons dey include maternal health, an inability to afford a kiddie, domestic violence, lack of support, feelings of being too young, wishing make dem plete an education anaa advance a career, den no be able, anaa willing, to raise a kiddie dem conceive as a result of rape anaa incest.[6][8][9]

Wen dem do am legally insyd industrialized societies, induced abortion be one of de safest procedures insyd medicine. Modern methods dey use medication anaa surgery for abortions.[10] De drug mifepristone (aka RU-486) in combination plus prostaglandin dey appear to be as safe den effective as surgery during de first den second trimesters of pregnancy.[10][11] Self-managed medication abortion be highly effective den safe thru out de first trimester.[12][13][14]

Dem dey perform around 73 million abortions each year insyd de world,[15] plus dem dey do about 45% unsafely.[16] Na abortion rates change little between 2003 den 2008,[17] before wich dem decrease for at least two decades as access to family planning den birth control increased.[18] As of 2018, na 37% of de world ein women get access to legal abortions widout limits as to reason.[19] Countries wey permit abortions get different limits on how late in pregnancy abortion be allowed.[20] Abortion rates be similar between countries wey restrict abortion den countries wey broadly allow am, though dis be partly secof countries wich restrict abortion tend to get higher unintended pregnancy rates.[21]

Since 1973, na der be a global trend towards greater legal access to abortion,[22] buh der remain debate plus regard to moral, religious, ethical, den legal issues.[23][24] Those wey oppose abortion often dey argue say an embryo anaa fetus be a person plus a right to life, den thus equate abortion plus murder.[25][26] Those wey support abortion ein legality often dey argue say e be a woman ein reproductive right.[27] Odas favor legal den accessible abortion as a public health measure.[28] Abortion laws den views of de procedure be different around de world. Insyd sam countries abortion be legal den women get right to make de choice about abortion.[29] Insyd sam areas, abortion be legal per insyd specific cases such as rape, incest, fetal defects, poverty, den risk to a woman ein health.[30] Historically, na dem attempt abortions dey use herbal medicines, sharp tools, forceful massage, anaa oda traditional methods.[31]

References

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  1. ↑ Rao, Radhika (2016). "Abortion". Oxford Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/law:mpeccol/e67.013.67. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  2. ↑ "abortion". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  3. ↑ "Abortion (noun)". Oxford Living Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018. [mass noun] The deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy
  4. ↑ The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. pp. 438–439. ISBN 978-1-4511-4801-5. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017.
  5. ↑ "How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage?". NICHD. 2013-07-15. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  6. 1 2 Bankole A, Singh S, Haas T (September 1998). "Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries". International Family Planning Perspectives. 24 (3): 117–127, 152. doi:10.2307/3038208. JSTOR 3038208. Archived from the original on 17 January 2006. Worldwide, the most commonly reported reason women cite for having an abortion is to postpone or stop childbearing. The second most common reason—socioeconomic concerns—includes disruption of education or employment; lack of support from the father; desire to provide schooling for existing children; and poverty, unemployment or inability to afford additional children. In addition, relationship problems with a husband or partner and a woman's perception that she is too young constitute other important categories of reasons. Women's characteristics are associated with their reasons for having an abortion: With few exceptions, older women and married women are the most likely to identify limiting childbearing as their main reason for abortion. - Conclusions - Reasons women give for why they seek abortion are often far more complex than simply not intending to become pregnant; the decision to have an abortion is usually motivated by more than one factor.
  7. ↑ Chae, Sophia; Desai, Sheila; Crowell, Marjorie; Sedgh, Gilda (2017-10-01). "Reasons why women have induced abortions: a synthesis of findings from 14 countries". Contraception. 96 (4): 233–241. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.06.014. PMC 5957082. PMID 28694165. In most countries, the most frequently cited reasons for having an abortion were socioeconomic concerns or limiting childbearing. With some exceptions, little variation existed in the reasons given by women's sociodemographic characteristics. Data from three countries where multiple reasons could be reported in the survey showed that women often have more than one reason for having an abortion.
  8. 1 2 "The limitations of U.S. statistics on abortion". Issues in Brief. New York: The Guttmacher Institute. 1997. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012.
  9. ↑ Stotland, Nada L (July 2019). "Update on Reproductive Rights and Women's Mental Health". The Medical Clinics of North America. 103 (4): 751–766. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2019.02.006. PMID 31078205. S2CID 153307516.
  10. 1 2 Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X (May 2022). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (5) CD002855. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5. PMC 9128719. PMID 35608608.
  11. ↑ Kapp N, Whyte P, Tang J, Jackson E, Brahmi D (September 2013). "A review of evidence for safe abortion care". Contraception. 88 (3): 350–363. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027. PMID 23261233.
  12. ↑ "Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline". WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (in American English). 2021-11-19. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  13. ↑ Moseson H, Jayaweera R, Raifman S, Keefe-Oates B, Filippa S, Motana R, et al. (October 2020). "Self-managed medication abortion outcomes: results from a prospective pilot study". Reproductive Health. 17 (1) 164. doi:10.1186/s12978-020-01016-4. ISSN 1742-4755. PMC 7588945. PMID 33109230.
  14. ↑ Moseson H, Jayaweera R, Egwuatu I, Grosso B, Kristianingrum IA, Nmezi S, et al. (January 2022). "Effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion with accompaniment support in Argentina and Nigeria (SAFE): a prospective, observational cohort study and non-inferiority analysis with historical controls". The Lancet. Global Health. 10 (1): e105 – e113. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00461-7. PMC 9359894. PMID 34801131.
  15. ↑ "Abortion". www.who.int (in English). Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-21.
  16. ↑ "Worldwide, an estimated 25 million unsafe abortions occur each year". World Health Organization. 28 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  17. ↑ Sedgh G, Singh S, Shah IH, Ahman E, Henshaw SK, Bankole A (February 2012). "Induced abortion: incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008" (PDF). Lancet. 379 (9816): 625–632. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8. PMID 22264435. S2CID 27378192. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2012. Because few of the abortion estimates were based on studies of random samples of women, and because we did not use a model-based approach to estimate abortion incidence, it was not possible to compute confidence intervals based on standard errors around the estimates. Drawing on the information available on the accuracy and precision of abortion estimates that were used to develop the subregional, regional, and worldwide rates, we computed intervals of certainty around these rates (webappendix). We computed wider intervals for unsafe abortion rates than for safe abortion rates. The basis for these intervals included published and unpublished assessments of abortion reporting in countries with liberal laws, recently published studies of national unsafe abortion, and high and low estimates of the numbers of unsafe abortion developed by WHO.
  18. ↑ Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J (September 2007). "Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends". International Family Planning Perspectives. 33 (3): 106–116. doi:10.1363/3310607. PMID 17938093. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009.
  19. ↑ "Induced Abortion Worldwide". Guttmacher Institute. 2018-03-01. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-21. Of the world's 1.64 billion women of reproductive age, 6% live where abortion is banned outright, and 37% live where it is allowed without restriction as to reason. Most women live in countries with laws that fall between these two extremes.
  20. ↑ Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M, Crane BB (July 2010). "Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion". International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 110 (Suppl): S13 – S16. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003. PMID 20451196. S2CID 40586023.
  21. ↑ "Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion Worldwide". Guttmacher Institute (in English). 2020-05-28. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-09. Abortion is sought and needed even in settings where it is restricted—that is, in countries where it is prohibited altogether or is allowed only to save the women's life or to preserve her physical or mental health. Unintended pregnancy rates are highest in countries that restrict abortion access and lowest in countries where abortion is broadly legal. As a result, abortion rates are similar in countries where abortion is restricted and those where the procedure is broadly legal (i.e., where it is available on request or on socioeconomic grounds).
  22. ↑ Staff, F. P. (2022-06-24). "Roe Abolition Makes U.S. a Global Outlier". Foreign Policy (in American English). Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  23. ↑ Paola A, Walker R, LaCivita L (2010). Nixon F (ed.). Medical ethics and humanities. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-7637-6063-2. OL 13764930W. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017.
  24. ↑ Johnstone MJ (2009). "Bioethics a nursing perspective". Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses Journal. 3 (4) (5th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier: 24–30. ISBN 978-0-7295-7873-8. PMID 2129925. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Although abortion has been legal in many countries for several decades now, its moral permissibilities continues to be the subject of heated public debate.
  25. ↑ Driscoll M (18 October 2013). "What do 55 million people have in common?". Fox News. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  26. ↑ Hansen D (18 March 2014). "Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure?". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  27. ↑ Sifris RN (2013). Reproductive freedom, torture and international human rights: challenging the masculinisation of torture. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-135-11522-7. OCLC 869373168. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015.
  28. ↑ Åhman, Elisabeth (2007). Unsafe abortion: Global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003 (5th ed.). World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-159612-1. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  29. ↑ Sánchez, Fabiola; Janetsky, Megan (2023-09-06). "Mexico decriminalizes abortion, extending Latin American trend of widening access to procedure". AP News (in English). Retrieved 2026-01-30.
  30. ↑ Boland R, Katzive L (September 2008). "Developments in laws on induced abortion: 1998-2007". International Family Planning Perspectives. 34 (3): 110–120. doi:10.1363/3411008. PMID 18957353. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
  31. ↑ Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD, Joffe C (2009). "1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history" (PDF). Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy (1st ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1293-5. OL 15895486W. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2012.

Bibliography

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Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion&oldid=84960"