Acute myeloid leukemia
| Subclass of | acute leukemia, myeloid leukemia, disease  |
|---|---|
| Short name | AML, AML |
| Health specialty | oncology, hematology |
| Medical examination | complete blood count, bone marrow examination, bone marrow differential |
| ICD-9-CM | 205.0, 205.00 |
| NCI Thesaurus ID | C3171, C27753 |
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) be a cancer of de myeloid line of blood cells, wey be characterized by de rapid growth of abnormal cells wey dey build up insyd de bone marrow den blood den dey interfere plus normal blood cell production.[1] Symptoms fi include feeling tired, shortness of breath, easy bruising, bleeding, den increased risk of infection.[1] Occasionally, spread fi occur to de brain, skin, anaa gums.[1] As an acute leukemia, AML dey progress rapidly, wey e be typically fatal within weeks anaa months if dem lef am untreated.[1]
Risk factors dey include getting older, being male,[2] smoking, previous chemotherapy anaa radiation therapy, myelodysplastic syndrome, den exposure to de chemical benzene.[1] De underlying mechanism dey involve replacement of normal bone marrow plus leukemia cells, wich dey result in a drop insyd red blood cells, platelets, den normal white blood cells.[1] Diagnosis generally dey base on bone marrow aspiration den specific blood tests.[3] AML get chaw subtypes for wich treatments den outcomes fi vary.[1]
De first-line treatment of AML usually be chemotherapy, plus de aim of inducing remission.[1] People then fi go on to receive additional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, anaa a stem cell transplant.[1][3] De specific genetic mutations present within de cancer cells fi guide therapy, as well as determine how long dat person likely be to survive.[3]
Between 2017 den 2025, na dem approve 12 new agents for AML insyd de U.S., wey dey include venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor), gemtuzumab ozogamicin (CD33 antibody-drug conjugate), den chaw inhibitors wey dey target FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, isocitrate dehydrogenase, den oda pathways. Additionally, na dem introduce therapies like CPX351 den oral formulations of azacitidine den decitabine-cedazuridine. Ongoing research wey dey explore menin inhibitors den oda antibody-drug conjugates.[4]
Na low-intensity treatment plus azacitidine plus venetoclax[5] emerge as de most effective option give older anaa unfit AML patients, base on a network meta-analysis of 26 trials wey dey involve 4,920 participants. Na e show de highest survival den remission rates, plus low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) plus glasdegib den LDAC plus venetoclax sanso dey show clinical benefit.[6]
Insyd 2015, na AML affect about one million people, wey na e result in 147,000 deaths globally.[7][8] E most commonly dey occur in older adults.[9] Males be affected more often dan females.[9] De five-year survival rate be about 35% insyd people under 60 years old den 10% insyd people over 60 years old.[3] Older people wey dema health be too poor for intensive chemotherapy get a typical survival of five to ten months.[3] E dey account for roughly 1.1% of all cancer cases, den 1.9% of cancer deaths insyd de United States.[9]
References
[edit | edit source]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
- ↑ "Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)". cancer.org (in English). Retrieved 2024-06-05.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Döhner H, Weisdorf DJ, Bloomfield CD (September 2015). "Acute Myeloid Leukemia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (12): 1136–1152. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1406184. PMID 26376137. S2CID 40314260.
- ↑ Kantarjian, Hagop M.; DiNardo, Courtney D.; Kadia, Tapan M.; Daver, Naval G.; Altman, Jessica K.; Stein, Eytan M.; Jabbour, Elias; Schiffer, Charles A.; Lang, Amy; Ravandi, Farhad (2025). "Acute myeloid leukemia management and research in 2025". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (in English). 75 (1): 46–67. doi:10.3322/caac.21873. ISSN 1542-4863. PMC 11745214. PMID 39656142.
- ↑ Goulart, Hannah; Kantarjian, Hagop; Pemmaraju, Naveen; Daver, Naval; DiNardo, Courtney D.; Rausch, Caitlin R.; Ravandi, Farhad; Kadia, Tapan M. (2025-01-08). "Venetoclax-Based Combination Regimens in Acute Myeloid Leukemia". Blood Cancer Discovery (in English). 6 (1): 23–37. doi:10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-24-0171. ISSN 2643-3230.
- ↑ Li, Wenze; Kang, Sijing; Jiao, Yu; Yue, Pengjie; Dong, Weilin; Ge, Rui; Wang, Ziyi; Yan, Xiaojing (2025-04-15). "Comparative efficacy and safety in low-intensity treatment for acute myeloid leukemia in older patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". European Journal of Medical Research (in English). 30 (1): 280. doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02476-9. ISSN 2047-783X. PMC 11998139. PMID 40229815.
- ↑ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- 1 2 3 "Acute Myeloid Leukemia – Cancer Stat Facts". NCI. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
External links
[edit | edit source]
- Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment at the US National Cancer Institute
