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Acute radiation syndrome

From Wikipedia
radiation syndrome
cause of death, class of disease
Subclass ofintoxication, radiation sickness Edit
Health specialtyemergency medicine Edit

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), dem sanso know as radiation sickness anaa radiation poisoning, be a collection of health effects wey be caused by being exposed to high amounts of ionizing radiation insyd a short period of time.[1] Symptoms fi start within an hour of exposure, den fi last for several months.[1][2][3] Early symptoms usually be nausea, vomiting den loss of appetite.[1] Insyd de hours anaa weeks wey dey follow, initial symptoms fi appear to improve, before de development of additional symptoms, after wich either recovery anaa death go follow.[1]

ARS dey involve a total dose of greater dan 0.7 Gy (70 rad), wey generally dey occur from a source outsyd de body, deliver within a few minutes.[1] Sources of such radiation fi occur accidentally anaa intentionally.[4] Dem fi involve nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, certain devices dem use insyd cancer therapy, nuclear weapons, anaa radiological weapons.[5] Dem generally divide am into three types: bone marrow, gastrointestinal, den neurovascular syndrome, plus bone marrow syndrome wey dey occur at 0.7 to 10 Gy, den neurovascular syndrome wey dey occur at doses wey exceed 50 Gy.[1][2] De cells wey be most affected generally be those wey be rapidly dividing.[2] At high doses, dis dey cause DNA damage wey be irreparable.[5] Diagnosis dey base on a history of exposure den symptoms.[5] Repeated complete blood counts (CBCs) fi indicate de severity of exposure.[1]

Treatment of ARS generally be supportive care. Dis fi include blood transfusions, antibiotics, colony-stimulating factors, anaa stem cell transplant.[2] Radioactive material wey remain on de skin anaa insyd de stomach for be removed. If na dem inhale anaa ingest radioiodine, potassium iodide be recommended. Complications such as leukemia den oda cancers among those wey survive be managed as usual. Short-term outcomes dey depend on de dose exposure.[5]

ARS be generally rare.[2] A single event fi affect a large number of people.[6] De vast majority of cases wey dey involve ARS, alongside blast effects, na e be inflicted by de atomic bombings of Hiroshima den Nagasaki, plus post-attack deaths insyd de tens of thousands. Nuclear den radiation accidents den incidents sam times dey cause ARS; de worst, na de Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster, cause 134 cases den 28 deaths.[1] ARS dey differ from chronic radiation syndrome, wich dey occur following prolonged exposures to relatively low doses of radiation, den from radiation-induced cancer.[7][8]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "A Fact Sheet for Physicians". CDC. CDC Radiation Emergencies Acute Radiation Syndrome (in American English). 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Donnelly, EH; Nemhauser, JB; Smith, JM; Kazzi, ZN; Farfán, EB; Chang, AS; Naeem, SF (June 2010). "Acute radiation syndrome: assessment and management". Southern Medical Journal. 103 (6): 541–546. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181ddd571. PMID 20710137. S2CID 45670675. Archived from the original on 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-06-24.
  3. ↑ Xiao M, Whitnall MH (January 2009). "Pharmacological countermeasures for the acute radiation syndrome". Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2 (1): 122–133. doi:10.2174/1874467210902010122. PMID 20021452.
  4. ↑ Chao, NJ (April 2007). "Accidental or intentional exposure to ionizing radiation: biodosimetry and treatment options". Experimental Hematology. 35 (4 Suppl 1): 24–7. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2007.01.008. PMID 17379083.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Radiation Sickness". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  6. ↑ Acosta, Robert; Warrington, Steven J. (2025), "Radiation Syndrome", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28722960, retrieved 2026-01-05
  7. ↑ Akleyev, Alexander V. (2014). "chronic%20radiation%20syndrome"&pg=PA1 Chronic Radiation Syndrome (in English). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. ISBN 978-3642451171.
  8. ↑ Gusev, Igor; Guskova, Angelina; Mettler, Fred A. (2001). Medical Management of Radiation Accidents (in English). CRC Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1420037197.
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