African Romance
African Romance
| Subclass of | Romance languages  |
|---|
African Romance, African Latin anaa Afroromance[1] be an extinct Romance language wey na dem dey speak am insyd de chaw provinces of Roman Africa by de African Romans under de later Roman Empire den ein various post-Roman successor states insyd de region, wey dey include de Vandal Kingdom, de Byzantine-administered Exarchate of Africa den de Berber Mauro-Roman Kingdom. Na dem poorly attest African Romance as na e be mainly a spoken, vernacular language.[2] Der be little doubt, however, dat by de early 3rd century AD, na dem fully establish sam native provincial variety of Latin insyd Africa.[3]
After de conquest of North Africa by de Umayyad Caliphate insyd 709 AD, na dis language survive thru to de 12th century insyd chaw places along de North African coast den de immediate littoral,[2] plus evidence say na e fi persist up to de 14th century,[4] den possibly even de 15th century,[3] anaa later[4] insyd certain areas of de interior.
Characteristics
[edit | edit source]Berber vocabulary
[edit | edit source]| English | Berber | Latin | Sardinian | Italian | Corsican | Sicilian | Maltese[5] | |
| sin / sickness / little child (lit., "without sin") | abekkaḍu / abăkkaḍ / war-abekkadu / war-ibekkaden | peccatum ("sin" ; "error"; "fault") | pecadu / pecau ("sin") | peccato ("sin") | pecatu ("sin") | piccatu ("sin") | ||
| wether (castrated ram)[6] | aberkus | vervex / berbex > *berbecus(?) | berbeghe / berveghe / barveghe / barbeghe / verveche / berbeche / erveghe / ilveghe/ barbei / brabei / brebei / erbei / arbei / brobei / ebrei | berbice | ||||
| celery | abiw | apium ("celery" ; "parsley") | àpiu / àppiu | accia | ||||
| road / path | abrid / tabrida | veredus ("fast anaa light breed of horse") | ||||||
| oven | afarnu / affran / afferan / ufernu / ferran / afurnu / tafurnut | furnus | furru / forru | forno | fornu / forru / furru | furnu | forn | |
| chicken / chick | afullus / afellus / fiǧǧus / fullis | pullus | puddu | pollo | pullastru | puḍḍu / pollu | fellus | |
| fresh curd / to curdle / curdled milk | aguglu / kkal / ikkil | coagulari / coagulum ("to curdle" ; "curd" ; "bind/bonding agent" ; "rennet" ; "rennet") | callu / cazu / cracu / cragu / giagu ("rennet") | caglio ("rennet") | caghju ("rennet") | quagghiu / quagliu ("rennet") | ||
| agaric | agursal / arsel | agaric > *agaricellum | agarico | |||||
| boat | aɣeṛṛabu | carabus | ||||||
| oak | akarruš / akerruš | cerrus / quercus | chercu | quercia | quercia | querchia | ||
| elevated part of the bedroom | alektu / řeštu | lectus ("bed") | letu ("bed") | letto ("bed") | lettu ("bed") | lettu ("bed") | ||
| oleander | alili / ilili / talilit | lilium (lily) | lizu / lilliu / lillu / lixu / lìgiu / gixu / gìgliu / gìsgiu ("lily") | giglio ("lily") | gigliu ("lily") | gigghiu ("lily") | ġilju ("lily") | |
| alms / religious compensation | amerkidu / amarkidu / emarked / bu-imercidan | merces ("pay" ; "wages" ; "reward" ; "punishment" ; "rent" ; "bribe") | merchede ("pay" ; "recompense") | mercede ("recompense" ; "merit" ; "pity" ; "mercy") | mercedi / mircedi ("remuneration" ; "payment" ; "wage" ; "salary"), merci (merchandise" ; "goods") | |||
| olive marc | amuṛeǧ | amurca | morchia | mùrija / muria | ||||
| angel / spiritual entity / child / type of illness | anǧelus / anǧalus / anglus / ănǧălos / ăngălos / anaǧlusan / wanaǧlusan / anglusen | angelus | àgnelu / ànzelu / ànghelu / àngelu | angelo | anghjulu | àncilu / ànciulu | anġlu | |
| to light up / illuminate / light / lamp [7] | amnar | limino, liminare / lumino, luminare | ||||||
| (large) sack / double bag/donkey's saddle / tapestry | asaku / saku / sakku / saču | saccus | sacu | sacco | saccu | saccu | saqqu | |
| donkey / ass | asnus | asinus | àinu | asino | asinu | àsinu | ||
| belonging to or attached to a yoke | ašbiyo / ašbuyo | subiugius | sisùja / susùja | |||||
| helm | aṭmun / aṭmuni | temo ("pole"; "tongue of carriage"; "beam") | timona / timone / timoni | timone | timone | timuni | tmun | |
| August | awussu | augustus | agustu / austu | agosto | aostu / agostu | Austu | Awwissu / Awissu | |
| blite | blitu | blitum | jiti / ajiti / agghiti / gidi / nciti / aiti ("beet": from beta, "beet" + blitum, "blite") | |||||
| young boy | bušil | pusillus ("small") | pusiddu ("small boy") | pusillo ("small") | ||||
| thrush (bird, insyd family turdidae | ḍerḍus / ḍorḍus | turdus | tordo | tôdula | turdu | |||
| large wooden bowl | dusku | discus | discu | disco | discu | |||
| (drawing) rule / vertical beam of weaving loom | errigla | regula ("rule / bar / ruler") | regra / arregra / rega / rega / regia / reja | regola (later borrowing) | rica / riga | règula/ rèjula (later borrowing) | regola (later borrowing) | |
| bearded vulture / bird of prey | falku / afalku / afelkun / fařšu | falco ("falcon") | falco / falcone ("falcon") | falcu ("falcon") | farcu / farcuni / falcuni ("falcon") | falkun ("falcon") | ||
| locality in Tripolitania | Fassaṭo | fossatum(?) ("ditch", e.g. as fortification) | fossato ("ditch") | fussatu ("ditch") | foss ("ditch") | |||
| pennyroyal | fleyyu / fliyu / fleggu | pulegium / puleium / puledium / pulleium / pulledium | poleggio / puleggio | |||||
| February | furar | februārius | freàrgiu / frearzu / fiàrzu | febbraio | ferraghju / farraghju / frivaghju | Frivaru | Frar | |
| hen-house | gennayru | gallinarium | gallinaio | gaḍḍinaru / jaḍḍinaru | ||||
| castle / village | ɣasru | castrum (diminutive: castellum) | casteddu | castello | castellu | casteḍḍu | qasar / kastell | |
| bean | ibaw / awaw[8] | faba | faa / faba / fae / fava | fava | fava / fafa | |||
| evil spirit | idaymunen | daemon / daemonium ("lar, household god" ; "demon, evil spirit") | demone / demonio | dimoniu | dimoniu | |||
| fern | ifilku | filix | filiche / filighe / filixi / fibixi / fixibi | felce | filetta | fìlici | felċi | |
| thread | ifilu | filum(?) ("thread; string; filament; fiber")[9] | filu | filo | filu | filu | ||
| vulture[10] | i-gider | vultur | avvoltoio / avvoltore / voltore / vultore / vulture | vuturu / avuturu | avultun | |||
| pear / pear tree | ifires / tfirast / tafirast | pirus (feminine: pira, "pear fruit") | pira ("pear fruit") | pero | pera ("pear fruit") | piru | ||
| cultivated field | iger / ižer | ager | agru | agro | acru | agru | ||
| laborer (to plough) | ikerrez | carrus ("wagon; cart; wagonload", from Gaulish) | carru | carro | carru | |||
| chickpea | ikiker | cicer | chìghere / cìxiri | cece | cecciu | ciciri | ċiċri | |
| horehound | immerwi | marrubium | marrubiu | marrubio | marrubbiju | marrubja | ||
| sea squill / sea onion (Drimia maritima) | iskil | squilla / scilla | aspidda | squilla | ||||
| rye | išenti / tāšentit | centenum ("rye; something gathered hundred each") | ||||||
| durmast | iskir | aesculus | eschio / ischio | |||||
| fig (in the stage of pollination) / artichoke | karḍus (first definition) / ɣerdus / ɣerda (second definition) | carduus ("thistle" ; "artichoke") | cardo ("thistle") | cardu ("thistle") | cardu ("thistle") | |||
| bug / bedbug | kumsis | cimex | chímighe | cimice | cimicia | cìmicia | ||
| wall | muṛu / maṛu | murus | muru | muro | muru | muru | ||
| cat | qaṭṭus / takaṭṭust / yaṭṭus / ayaḍus / qeṭṭus | cattus | gatu / atu / batu / catu | gatto | ghjattu / gattu / ghiattu | jattu | qattus | |
| Rif (locality insyd Morocco) | Rif | ripa(?) ("shore" ; "bank") | ripa ("shore" ; "bank") | |||||
| feast / religious celebration / springtime | tafaska / tafaske / tabaski / tfeskih | pascha ("Easter" ; "Passover") | Pasca ("Easter") | Pasqua ("Easter") | Pasqua ("Easter") | Pasqua ("Easter") | ||
| cauldron / iron bowl / cooking jug | tafḍna / tafeḍna / tafaḍna | patina ("shallow pan or dish for cooking" ; type of cake ; "crib") | patina ("patina" ; "coat" ; "film" ; "glaze" ; "size") | |||||
| carrot | tafesnaxt | pastinaca ("parsnip" ; "stingray") | pastinaca / pistinaga / frustinaca ("parsnip"; "carrot") | pastinaca ("parsnip") | pastinaccia / pastricciola ("parsnip") | bastunaca / vastunaca ("parsnip") | ||
| bud anaa eye of a plant / gem / jewel [7] | tagemmut | gemma | gemma | |||||
| crow | tagerfa | corvus[11] | colbu / crobu / colvu / corbu / corvu | corvo | corbu | corvu / corbu | ||
| throat | tageržumt | gurga(?)(Late Latin, from gurges, "whirlpool") | gorgia (archaic) | gargiularu | gerżuma | |||
| thing | taɣawsa / tɣawsa / taghaussa / tghussa | causa ("case" ; "reason/cause" ; "motive"; "condition/state" ; "justification") | cosa (inherited from Italian; Old Sardinian, casa) | cosa | còsa | cùosa | ||
| various toponyms | Taɣlis / Taɣlisiya / iglazen / iglis / Tarlist | ecclesia(?) ("church") | chegia / cheja / creia / crèsia ("church") | chiesa ("church") | chiesa / ghiesgia / jesgia ("church") | chìesa / chisa / chesa / clesia / cresia ("church") | ||
| wax | takir | cera | chera / cera | cera | cera | cira | ||
| quince | taktuniyt / taktunya | (malum) cydonium / cotonium / cotoneum (plural cydonium / cotonia) | chidonza / chintonza / chitonza | cotogno ("quince tree") / cotogna ("quince fruit") | melacutona / melacutugnu | cutugnu / cutugna | ||
| seaweed | talga | alga | alga | alga | àlica | alka | ||
| file | talima / tilima / tlima[12] | lima | lima | lima | lima | |||
| irrigation channel | targa | *riga(?) < irrigo("to water/irrigate/flood")[13] | irrigare ("to irrigate") | irrigà ("irrigate") | ||||
| weapon | tarma | arma | àrma | arma | arma | arma | arma | |
| madder (red-dye) | tarubi / tarubya / tarrubya / awrubya / tṛubya | rubia | robbia | |||||
| ladder | taskala | scala ("ladder" ; "stairs") | iscala / issala / scaba | scala | scala | scala | ||
| pod (of pea or bean) / carob | tasligwa / tasliɣwa / tisliɣwa / tasliwɣa | siliqua | silimba / silibba / tilimba / tilidda | |||||
| pair / pair of drought animals, oxen | tawgtt / tayuga / tayugʷa / tayuggʷa / tyuya / tiyuyya / tiyuga / tǧuǧa / tguget / tiugga | iugum ("pair of drought animals" ; "yoke" ; "couple") | jugu / giugu / giuu ("yoke") | giogo ("yoke") | jugu ("yoke") | giugu ("yoke") | ||
| pine | tayda | taeda ("pinewood") | teda | deda | ||||
| shirt | tekamest | camisia | camigia / camisa | camicia | camisgia / camigia / camicia | cammisa | qmis | |
| elbow | tiɣammar / taɣomert / tiɣumert | camur < camur ("bent" ; "curved" ; "hooked") | cambra ("clamp" ; "cramp") | |||||
| lentil | tilintit / tiniltit | lens | lènte / lentìza | lente / lenticchia | lintichja | lenti / linticchia | ||
| shoemaker's awl | tissubla / tisubla / tsubla / tasubla / tasobla / tasugla / subla | subula | subbia ("chisel") | |||||
| catapult | tfurka / afurk / tfurket | furca ("fork" ; "pitchfork" ; "pole" ; "stake") | frúca / furca ("fork" ; "pitchfork") | forca ("fork" ; "pitchfork") | furca ("fork" ; "pitchfork") | |||
| mulberry tree | tkilsit / tkilsa | (morus) celsa | chersa / chessa | gelso / moro | ceusu | |||
| piece of paper | tkirḍa / tkurḍa / takerḍa / takarḍe, tyerṭa | carta / charta ("paper" ; "papyrus") | carta / calta | carta | carta | carta | karta | |
| wooden board for making doors / irrigable field (second two forms listed) | toḍabla / taġult / tiġula | tabula ("board" ; "tablet") | taula ("piece of wood") | tavola ("table" ; "slate") | tavula ("table") | tàvula ("table") | ||
| theater[6] | ṭyaṭir | theatrum | teatru | teatro | teatru | tiatru | teatru | |
| wooden board for making doors / irrigable field (second two forms listed) | toḍabla / taġult / tiġula ("elm") | ulmu | ulmus | úlimu / úlumu / urmu | olmo | olmu | urmu | |
| stove / cooker | θafkunt | *focone(?) < focus ("fire" ; "fireplace" ; "hearth" ; "coalpan") | fogu / focu ("fire") | fuoco ("fire") | focu ("fire") | focu ("fire") | ||
| rope | θasuχa | soca | soga | |||||
| field / garden | urṭu / urti | hortus ("garden") | oltu / ortu / otu ("vegetable garden") | orto ("vegetable garden") | ortu ("garden") | ortu ("vegetable garden") | ||
| white mustard (Sinapis arvensis) | (w)ašnaf / hacenafiṭ / hacenafṭ / wayfes / waifs | senapi(s) / sinapi(s) / senape / sinape(?) | senape | sinapi |
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Posner, Rebecca; Green, John N. (1993). Bilingualism and Linguistic Conflict in Romance. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 467. ISBN 978-3-11-011724-0.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Scales 1993, pp. 146–147.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Loporcaro 2015, p. 47.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Prevost 2007, pp. 461–483.
- ↑ Debattista Borg, Pupull (2014). Ġabra ta' Kliem Malti Mhux Safi – Malti Safi. Malta: Dom Communications Ltd. ISBN 978-99957-49-23-1.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 This is the Latin definition only. The exact Berber definition is not provided in the cited source.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 This is the Latin definition only. The exact Berber definition is not provided.
- ↑ Latin etymology is disputed in Kossmann (2013), pg. 62, who believes that the word derives from a pre-Indo-European form that is also the root of Latin faba, so as a cognate with faba but not a direct loan from Latin.
- ↑ Latin etymology is disputed, and may instead be linked to the Berber verb fel, "to set up the loom." See Kossmann 2013, p. 63, note 12.
- ↑ This is the Latin definition only. The exact Berber definition is not given in the cited source.
- ↑ Could also derive from Arabic ġurba, cf. Blench 2018, p. 6.
- ↑ Latin etymology is disputed, may instead be a native Berber word, compared to Zenaga täššaʔyimt ("wooden plane".) See Kossmann (2013), pg. 70, note 24.
- ↑ Latin etymology is disputed; van den Boogert (1997) instead suggests that the word is native Berber, on the basis of Tuareg tahargé Brugnatelli, 1999, pp. 325–332
External links
[edit | edit source]Sources
[edit | edit source]Primary sources
[edit | edit source]- al-Idrisi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti (1154). Nuzhat al-mushtāq fi'khtirāq al-āfāq [The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands]. pp. 104–105.
- Cano, Antonio (2002). Manca, Dino (ed.). sa Vitta et sa Morte, et Passione de sanctu Gavinu, Prothu et Januariu (PDF). p. 3.
Read further
[edit | edit source]- Sayahi, Lotfi (2014). Diglossia and Language Contact: Language Variation and Change in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11936-8.