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Al-Andalus

From Wikipedia
al-Andalus
historiographical concept, toponym, geographic location
Facet givehistory of Islam, history of Spain, history of Portugal Edit
Native labelالأندلس Edit
Dem name afterWilaya of al-Andalus Edit
DemonymAndalusi Edit
Official languageArabic Edit
ContinentEurope Edit
Located in/on physical featureIberian Peninsula Edit
Coordinate location37°0′0″N 4°0′0″W Edit
Dey replaceHispania Edit
Tym dem start711 Edit
End tym2 January 1492 Edit
Significant eventUmayyad conquest of Hispania, Expulsion of Jews from Al-Andalus, Reconquista, Granada War, Capture of Granada Edit
Time periodMiddle Ages Edit
End causeGranada War Edit
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish2 January 1492 Edit
Geography of topicgeography of al-Andalus Edit
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of al-Andalus Edit
Map

Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأَنْدَلُس, romanised: al-ʾAndalus) be de Muslim-ruled area of de Iberian Peninsula. De name dey refer to de different Muslim states wey control dese territories at various times between 711 den 1492. At ein greatest geographical extent, e occupy chaw of de peninsula[1][2][3] as well as Septimania under Umayyad rule. Dese boundaries change thru a series of conquests wey Western historiography traditionally characterise as de Reconquista,[4][5][6][7][8] eventually dry shrink to de south den finally to de Emirate of Granada.

As a political domain, e successively constitute a province of de Umayyad Caliphate, wey de Caliph al-Walid I (711–750) initiate; de Emirate of Córdoba (c. 750–929); de Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031); de first taifa kingdoms (1009–1110); de Almoravid Empire (1085–1145); de second taifa period (1140–1203); de Almohad Caliphate (1147–1238); de third taifa period (1232–1287); den ultimately de Nasrid Emirate of Granada (1238–1492). Under de Caliphate of Córdoba, de city of Córdoba cam be one of de leading cultural den economic centres thru out de Mediterranean Basin, Europe, den de Islamic world. Achievements wey advanced Islamic den Western science cam from al-Andalus, wey dey include major advances insyd trigonometry (Jabir ibn Aflah), astronomy (al-Zarqali), surgery (al-Zahrawi), pharmacology (Ibn Zuhr),[9] den agronomy (Ibn Bassal den Abu'l-Khayr al-Ishbili). Al-Andalus cam be a conduit for cultural den scientific exchange between de Islamic den Christian worlds.

For much of ein history, al-Andalus exist insyd conflict plus Christian kingdoms to de north. After de fall of de Umayyad caliphate, al-Andalus be fragmented into taifa states den principalities, sam of wich (such as de Taifa of Toledo, de Taifa of Zaragoza, de Taifa of Seville den de Taifa of Badajoz) reach considerable territorial extent. After de Christian capture of Toledo insyd 1085, de Almoravid empire intervene den repel attacks on de region, wey bring al-Andalus under direct Almoravid rule. For de next century den a half, al-Andalus cam be a province of de Muslim empires of de Almoravids den dema successors, de Almohads, dem both base insyd Marrakesh.

Ultimately, de northern Christian kingdoms overpower de Muslim states to de south. Insyd de 13th century, chaw of de south quickly fall under Christian rule, wey Gharb al-Andalus, de Guadalquivir Valley den Eastern al-Andalus fall to Portuguese, Castilian, den Aragonese conquests. Dis lef de Emirate of Granada, wey for be cam a tributary state of de Crown of Castile, as de remaining Muslim state on de Iberian Peninsula, wey dem surrender am insyd 1492 to de Catholic Monarchs.

References

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  1. ↑ Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2002). History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453 (in English). A&C Black. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-567-08866-6.
  2. ↑ Luis Corral, Fernando (2009). "The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230". In Natalie Fryde; Dirk Reitz (eds.). Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-8258-9478-8.
  3. ↑ García Fitz, Francisco (2010). Rogers, Clifford J.; Caferro, William; Reid, Shelley (eds.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology (in English). Oxford University Press. pp. 325–326. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6. Barely eight years after the initial crossing of the Straits of Gibraltar, the Muslims had come to dominate almost the entire Peninsula with the exception of a few northern mountainous regions along Cantabrian and Pyrenean ranges. In these areas, indigenous populations, including the Asturians, Cantabrians, and Basques, who had been brought under Visigothic control, were able to escape Islamic domination.
  4. ↑ "Para los autores árabes medievales, el término Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas – siquiera temporalmente – por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia" ("For medieval Arab authors, Al-Andalus designated all the conquered areas – even temporarily – by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Spain, Portugal and France"), García de Cortázar, José Ángel. V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994, Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 1995, p. 52.
  5. ↑ Benito Ruano, Eloy [in Spanish] (2002). Tópicos y realidades de la Edad Media. Real Academia de la Historia. p. 79. ISBN 978-84-95983-06-0. Los arabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de Al-Andalus a todas aquellas tierras que habian formado parte del reino visigodo: la Peninsula Ibérica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica. ("The Arabs and Muslims from the Middle Ages used the name of al-Andalus for all those lands that were formerly part of the Visigothic kingdom: the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania")
  6. ↑ Ríos Saloma, Martín Federico (2011). La Reconquista: una construcción historiográfica (siglos XVI-XIX). Marcial Pons Historia. México Madrid: Universidad nacional autónoma de México, Instituto de inversigaciones históricas M. Pons. ISBN 978-84-92820-47-4.
  7. ↑ García Sanjuán, Alejandro (2020). "Weaponizing Historical Knowledge: the Notion of Reconquista in Spanish Nationalism". Imago Temporis: Medium Aevum. XIV. doi:10.21001/itma.2020.14.04. hdl:10272/19498. ISSN 1888-3931. S2CID 226491379. The notion of Reconquista is the product of 19th-century Spanish Nationalist thinking. Although developed as an academic concept, it played, at the same time, a crucial political and ideological role, thus holding a very powerful and potentially toxic ideological burden, chiefly consisting of the idea that Spain is a nation shaped against Islam. Its dual academic and ideological nature makes it a highly problematic concept that greatly contributed to produce a largely biased and distorted vision of the Iberian medieval past, aimed at delegitimizing the Islamic presence (al-Andalus) and therefore at legitimizing the Christian conquest of the Muslim territory. Over the last years and in the framework of the Clash of Civilizations doctrine, conservative and far-right scholarly and political outlets reignited the most ideological version of the Reconquista, thus raising a major challenge for academic historians.
  8. ↑ Esposito, John L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001. ISBN 0195125584. OCLC 50280143.
  9. ↑ Covington, Richard (2007). Arndt, Robert (ed.). "Rediscovering Arabic Science". Saudi Aramco World. 58 (3). Aramco Services Company: 2–16.
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