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Al-Aqsa Mosque

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Al-Aqsa Mosque
mosque, congregational mosque, musalla, sacred place, tourist attraction
Part ofAl-Aqsa Edit
Year dem found am717 Edit
Get usesalah Edit
Name in native languageالْمُصَلَّى الْقِبْلِيُّ Edit
Religion anaa worldviewIslam Edit
CultureIslamic culture Edit
CountryState of Palestine Edit
Edey de administrative territorial entity insydJerusalem Edit
Ein locationOld City of Jerusalem Edit
Located in/on physical featureTemple Mount Edit
Coordinate location31°46′34″N 35°14′9″E Edit
Significant eventfoundation stone laying ceremony, Al-Aqsa Mosque fire Edit
Architectural styleIslamic architecture Edit
Structure replacesSecond Temple Edit
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site Edit
Described at URLhttps://www.visitmasjidalaqsa.com, https://masjidalaqsa.net/ Edit
Maintain byJerusalem Islamic Waqf Edit
Offers view onDome of the Rock, Jerusalem Archaeological Park Edit
Category for the interior of the itemCategory:Interior of the al-Qibli Chapel Edit
Category for the view of the itemCategory:Views of al-Qibli Chapel Edit
Map

De Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: جامع الأقصى, romanized: Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā, lit. 'congregational mosque of Al-Aqsa'), dem sanso know as de Qibli Mosque anaa Qibli Chapel (المصلى القبلي, al-muṣallā al-qiblī, lit. 'prayer hall of de qibla (south)'),[1] be de main congregational mosque anaa prayer hall insyd de Al-Aqsa mosque compound insyd de Old City of Jerusalem. Insyd sam sources na dem sanso name de building al-Masjid al-Aqṣā,[2][3] buh dis name primarily dey apply to de whole compound insyd wich de building dey tap, wich einself dem sanso know as "Al-Aqsa Mosque". De wider compound be known as Al-Aqsa anaa Al-Aqsa mosque compound, dem sanso know as al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf (الحرم الشريف, lit. 'De Noble Sanctuary').[4][5][6][7]

During de rule of de Rashidun caliph Umar (r. 634–644) anaa de Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), na dem erect a small prayer house for de compound near de mosque ein site. De present-day mosque, locate for de south wall of de compound, na de fifth Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik originally build (r. 685–705) anaa ein successor al-Walid I (r. 705– 715) (anaa both) as a congregational mosque for de same axis as de Dome of de Rock, a commemorative Islamic monument. After e be destroyed insyd an earthquake insyd 746, na dem rebuild de mosque insyd 758 by de Abbasid caliph al-Mansur. Na dem further expand am upon insyd 780 by de Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi, after wich e consist of fifteen aisles den a central dome. However, na dem san destroy am during de 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake. Na de mosque be rebuilt by de Fatimid caliph al-Zahir (r. 1021–1036), wey reduce am to seven aisles buh dem adorn ein interior plus an elaborate central archway dem cover insyd vegetal mosaics; de current structure dey preserve de 11th-century outline.

During de periodic renovations dem undertake, na de ruling Islamic dynasties construct additions to de mosque den win precincts, such as ein dome, façade, minarets, den minbar den interior structure. Upon ein capture by de Crusaders insyd 1099, na dem use de mosque as a palace; na e sanso be de headquarters of de religious order of de Knights Templar. After de area be conquered by Saladin insyd 1187, na dem restore de structure ein function as a mosque. Na dem undertake more renovations, repairs, den expansion projects insyd later centuries by de Ayyubids, de Mamluks, de Ottomans, de Supreme Muslim Council of British Palestine, den during de Jordanian occupation of de West Bank. Since de beginning of de ongoing Israeli occupation of de West Bank, de mosque remain under de independent administration of de Jerusalem Islamic Waqf.[8]

Definition

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De "Al-Aqsa Mosque" dey translate into "de Farthest Mosque" insyd English.

Extract of an 1841 British map wey dey show both "Mesjid el-Aksa" den "Jami el-Aksa"

De Arabic term "Al-Aqsa Mosque" be de translation of both al-Masjid al-Aqṣā (ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ) den Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā (جَامِع ٱلْأَقْصَىٰ), wich get distinct meanings insyd Arabic.[9][10][11] De former (al-Masjid al-Aqṣā) dey refer to de Quran ein Surah 17 – "de furthest mosque" – den thus be used for whole compound of de Temple Mount, dem sanso know as de Haram al-Sharif, while de latter name (Jāmiʿ al-Aqṣā) be used for de subject of dis article – de silver-domed congregational mosque building.[9][10][11] Arabic den Persian writers such as 10th-century geographer al-Muqaddasi,[12] 11th-century scholar Nasir Khusraw,[12] 12th-century geographer al-Idrisi[13] den 15th-century Islamic scholar Mujir al-Din,[1][14] as well as 19th-century American den British Orientalists Edward Robinson, Guy Le Strange den Edward Henry Palmer explain dat de term Masjid al-Aqsa dey refer to de entire esplanade plaza dem sanso know as de Temple Mount anaa Haram al-Sharif ('Noble Sanctuary') – i.e. de entire area wey dey include de Dome of de Rock, de fountains, de gates, den de four minarets – secof none of dese buildings exist for de time na dem wrep de Quran.[15][16] Al-Muqaddasi refer to de southern building (de subject of dis article) as Al Mughattâ ("de covered-part") den Nasir Khusraw refer to am plus de Persian word Pushish (sanso be de "covered part", exactly as "Al Mughatta") anaa de Maqsurah (a part-for-the-whole synecdoche).[12]

Dem sanso dey refer to de building as (al-)Qibli Mosque anaa (al-) Qibli Chapel (Muṣallā al-Qiblī), in reference to ein location for de southern end of de compound as a result of de Islamic qibla dem move from Jerusalem to Mecca.[17] "Qibli" be de name dem use insyd official publications by de governmental organization wich dey administer de site, de Jerusalem Islamic Waqf (part of de Jordanian government),[18] den de Jordanian government more widely.[19][20] E sanso be de official name dem use by de Palestine Liberation Organization. Na chaw international organizations such as de United States State Department[21] de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (wey ein role be make e act as "de collective voice of de Muslim world"),[22] den UNESCO,[23] as well as various scholars den media organizations use am.[24]

Architecture

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De rectangular al-Aqsa Mosque den ein precincts dey cover 14.4 hectares (36 acres), although de mosque einself be about 1.1 acres (0.46 ha) for area insyd wey e fi hold up to 5,000 worshippers.[25] E be 83 m (272 ft) long, 56 m (184 ft) wide. Unlike de Dome of de Rock, wich dey reflect classical Byzantine architecture, de Aqsa Mosque be characteristic of early Islamic architecture.[26]

Dome

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De silver-colored dome dey consist of lead sheeting

Nothing remains of de original dome wey Abd al-Malik build. De present-day dome dey mimick dat of az-Zahir, wich consist of wood dem plate plus lead enamelwork, buh wich na ebe destroyed by fire insyd 1969. Today dem make am of concrete plus lead sheeting.[27]

Al-Aqsa ein dome be one of de few domes make dem build in front of de mihrab during de Umayyad den Abbasid periods, na de odas be de Umayyad Mosque insyd Damascus (715) den de Great Mosque of Sousse (850).[28] Na dem paint de interior of de dome plus 14th-century-era decorations. During de 1969 burning, na de paintings be assumed to be irreparably lost, buh na dem completely reconstruct am dey use de trateggio technique, a method wey dey use fine vertical lines make e distinguish reconstructed areas from original ones.[27]

Facade den porch

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De facade of de mosque. Na ebe constructed by de Fatimids, wey de Crusaders, de Ayyubids den de Mamluks expand am

Na de facade of de mosque be built insyd 1065 CE on de instructions of de Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah. Na dem crown am plus a balustrade wey dey consist of arcades den small columns. Na de Crusaders damage de facade, buh na ebe restored den renovated by de Ayyubids. Na one addition be de covering of de facade plus tiles.[29] De second-hand material of de facade ein arches dey include sculpted, ornamental material dem take from Crusader structures insyd Jerusalem.[30]

Interior

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De al-Aqsa Mosque get seven aisles of hypostyle naves plus chaw additional small halls to de west den east of de southern section of de building.[31] Der be 121 stained glass windows insyd de mosque from de Abbasid den Fatimid eras. Na dem restore about a fourth of dem insyd 1924.[32] De spandrels of de arch opposite de main entrance dey include a mosaic decoration den inscription wey dey date back to Fatimid period.[33]

  • Interior view of de mosque wey dey face de mihrab
    Interior view of de mosque wey dey face de mihrab
  • View of de hypostyle prayer hall
    View of de hypostyle prayer hall
  • Decorated wall above mihrab near central dome wey dey face main entrance
    Decorated wall above mihrab near central dome wey dey face main entrance
  • Interior view of de mosque wey dey show de mihrab, wey dey indicate de qiblah
    Interior view of de mosque wey dey show de mihrab, wey dey indicate de qiblah
  • Inscription wey dey show Quran ein aayat & contributors name to restore dome of Aqsa after 1969 burning
    Inscription wey dey show Quran ein aayat & contributors name to restore dome of Aqsa after 1969 burning
  • Interior decoration of Aqsa main dome
    Interior decoration of Aqsa main dome
  • De original minbar dem install under Saladin. De mihrab be visible to de left.
    De original minbar dem install under Saladin. De mihrab be visible to de left.
  • A man dey pray insyd de mosque insyd 2008
    A man dey pray insyd de mosque insyd 2008

Minbar

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Na de minbar of de mosque be built by a craftsman dem name Akhtarini from Aleppo on de orders of de Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din. Na dem intend am to be a gift for de mosque wen na Nur ad-Din capture Jerusalem from de Crusaders wey he take six years take build (1168–74). Nur ad-Din die wey de Crusaders still control Jerusalem, buh insyd 1187, Saladin capture de city wey na he install de minbar. Na dem make de structure of ivory den carefully crafted wood. Na inscribe arabic calligraphy, geometrical den floral designs insyd de woodwork.[34]

Current situation

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Administration

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Dem know de administrative body responsible for de whole Al-Aqsa Mosque compound as "de Jerusalem Waqf", an organ of de Jordanian government.[35]

De Jerusalem Waqf be responsible for administrative matters insyd de Al-Aqsa Mosque compound. Religious authority for de site, for de oda hand, be de responsibility of de Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, wey de government of de State of Palestine appoint.[36]

After de 1969 arson attack, de waqf employed architects, technicians den craftsmen insyd a committee wey dey carry out regular maintenance operations. Na de Islamic Movement insyd Israel den de waqf have attempt make dem increase Muslim control of de Temple Mount as a way of countering Israeli policies den de escalating presence of Israeli security forces around de site since de Second Intifada. Sam activities include refurbishing abandoned structures den renovating.[37]

Ownership of de al-Aqsa Mosque be a contentious issue insyd de Israel-Palestinian conflict. During de negotiations for de 2000 Camp David Summit, na Palestinians demand complete ownership of de mosque den oda Islamic holy sites insyd East Jerusalem.[38]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Williams, George (1849). The Holy City: Historical, Topographical and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem. Parker. pp. 143–160. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2022. The following detailed account of the Haram es-Sherif, with some interesting notices of the City, is extracted from an Arabic work entitled " The Sublime Companion to the History of Jerusalem and Hebron, by Kadi Mejir-ed-din, Ebil-yemen Abd-er-Rahman, El-Alemi," who died A. H. 927, (A. d. 1521)… "I have at the commencement called attention to the fact that the place now called by the name Aksa (i. e. the most distant), is the Mosk [Jamia] properly so called, at the southern extremity of the area, where is the Minbar and the great Mihrab. But in fact Aksa is the name of the whole area enclosed within the walls, the dimensions of which I have just given, for the Mosk proper [Jamia], the Dome of the Rock, the Cloisters, and other buildings, are all of late construction, and Mesjid el-Aksa is the correct name of the whole area." and also von Hammer-Purgstall, J.F. (1811). "Chapitre vingtième. Description de la mosquée Mesdjid-ol-aksa, telle qu'elle est de nos jours, (du temps de l'auteur, au dixième siècle de l'Hégire, au seizième après J. C.)". Fundgruben des Orients (in French). Vol. 2. Gedruckt bey A. Schmid. p. 93. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2022. Nous avons dès le commencement appelé l'attention sur que l'endroit, auquel les hommes donnent aujourd'hui le nom d'Aksa, c'est à-dire, la plus éloignée, est la mosquée proprement dite, bâtie à l'extrêmité méridionale de l'enceinte où se trouve la chaire et le grand autel. Mais en effet Aksa est le nom de l'enceinte entière, en tant qu'elle est enfermée de murs, dont nous venons de donner la longueur et la largeur, car la mosquée proprement dite, le dôme de la roche Sakhra, les portiques et les autres bâtimens, sont tous des constructions récentes, et Mesdjidol-aksa est le véritable nom de toute l'enceinte. (Le Mesdjid des arabes répond à l'ίερόν et le Djami au ναός des grecs.)
  2. ↑ Salameh, Khader (2009). "A New Saljuq Inscription in the Masjid al-Aqsa, Jerusalem". Levant. 41 (1): 107–117. doi:10.1179/175638009x427620. ISSN 0075-8914. S2CID 162230613. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  3. ↑ 1936 Survey of Palestine map of the Old City of Jerusalem
  4. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (14 November 2009). "Unusual Partners Study Divisive Jerusalem Site". The New York Times.
  5. ↑ Hughes, Aaron W. (2014). Theorizing Islam: Disciplinary Deconstruction and Reconstruction. Religion in Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-317-54594-1. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2022. Although later commentators would debate whether or not this journey was a physical one or took place at an internal level, it would come to play a crucial role in establishing Muhammad's prophetic credentials. In the first part of this journey, referred to as the isra, he traveled from the Kaba in Mecca to "the farthest mosque" (al-masjid al-aqsa), identified with the Temple Mount in Jerusalem: the al-Aqsa mosque that stands there today eventually took its name from this larger precinct, in which it was constructed.
  6. ↑ Sway, Mustafa A. (2015), "Al-Aqsa Mosque: Do Not Intrude!", Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 20/21 (4): 108–113, ProQuest 1724483297, archived from the original on 19 July 2023, retrieved 28 July 2022 – via ProQuest, Ahmed ibn Hanbal (780–855): "Verily, 'Al-Aqsa' is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel (muhdatha)." Mustafa Sway: More than 500 years ago, when Mujir Al-Din Al-Hanbali offered the above definition of Al-Aqsa Mosque in the year 900 AH/1495, there were no conflicts, no occupation and no contesting narratives surrounding the site.
  7. ↑ Omar, Abdallah Marouf (2017). "Al-Aqsa Mosque's Incident in July 2017: Affirming the Policy of Deterrence". Insight Turkey. 19 (3): 69–82. doi:10.25253/99.2017193.05. ISSN 1302-177X. JSTOR 26300531. In a treaty signed by Jordan and the Palestinian Authority on March 31, 2013, both sides define al-Aqsa Mosque as being "al-Masjid al-Aqsa with its 144 dunums, which include the Qibli Mosque of al-Aqsa, the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock, and all its mosques, buildings, walls, courtyards". ... Israel insists on identifying al-Aqsa Mosque as being a small building. ... Nonetheless, the Executive Board of UNESCO adopted the Jordanian definition of al-Aqsa Mosque in its Resolution (199 EX/PX/DR.19.1 Rev).
    Occupied Palestine: draft decision (199 EX/PX/DR.19.1 REV), UNESCO Executive Board. UNESCO. 2016.
  8. ↑ "Arab states neglect Al-Aqsa says head of Jerusalem Waqf". Al-Monitor. 5 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine. John Murray. The Jámi'a el-Aksa is the mosk alone; the Mesjid el-Aksa is the mosk with all the sacred enclosure and precincts, including the Sükhrah. Thus the words Mesjid and Jāmi'a differ in usage somewhat like the Greek ίερόν and ναός.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Palmer, E. H. (1871). "History of the Haram Es Sherif: Compiled from the Arabic Historians". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 3 (3): 122–132. doi:10.1179/peq.1871.012. ISSN 0031-0328. EXCURSUS ON THE NAME MASJID EL AKSA. In order to understand the native accounts of the sacred area at Jerusalem, it is essentially necessary to keep in mind the proper application of the various names by which it is spoken of. When the Masjid el Aksa is mentioned, that name is usually supposed to refer to the well-known mosque on the south side of the Haram, but such is not really the case. The latter building is called El Jámʻi el Aksa, or simply El Aksa, and the substructures are called El Aksa el Kadímeh (the ancient Aksa), while the title El Masjid el Aksa is applied to the whole sanctuary. The word Jámi is exactly equivalent in sense to the Greek συναγωγή, and is applied to the church or building in which the worshippers congregate. Masjid, on the other hand, is a much more general term; it is derived from the verb sejada "to adore," and is applied to any spot, the sacred character of which would especially incite the visitor to an act of devotion. Our word mosque is a corruption of masjid, but it is usually misapplied, as the building is never so designated, although the whole area on which it stands may be so spoken of. The Cubbet es Sakhrah, El Aksa, Jam'i el Magharibeh, &c., are each called a Jami, but the entire Haram is a masjid. This will explain how it is that 'Omar, after visiting the churches of the Anastasis, Sion, &c., was taken to the "Masjid" of Jerusalem, and will account for the statement of Ibn el 'Asa'kir and others, that the Masjid el Aksa measured over 600 cubits in length-that is, the length of the whole Haram area. The name Masjid el Aksa is borrowed from the passage in the Coran (xvii. 1), when allusion is made to the pretended ascent of Mohammed into heaven from ·the temple of Jerusalem; "Praise be unto Him who transported His servant by night from El Masjid el Haram (i.e., 'the Sacred place of Adoration' at Mecca) to El Masjid el Aksa (i.e., 'the Remote place of Adoration' at Jerusalem), the precincts of which we have blessed," &c. The title El Aksa, "the Remote," according to the Mohammedan doctors, is applied to the temple of Jerusalem "either because of its distance from Mecca, or because it is in the centre of the earth."
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Warren, Charles; Conder, Claude Reignier (1884). The survey of Western Palestine. Jerusalem. Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. London. p. 119 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 96. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022. Great confusion is introduced into the Arab descriptions of the Noble Sanctuary by the indiscriminate use of the terms Al Masjid or Al Masjid al Akså, Jami' or Jami al Aksâ; and nothing but an intimate acquaintance with the locality described will prevent a translator, ever and again, misunderstanding the text he has before him-since the native authorities use the technical terms in an extraordinarily inexact manner, often confounding the whole, and its part, under the single denomination of "Masjid." Further, the usage of various writers differs considerably on these points : Mukaddasi invariably speaks of the whole Haram Area as Al Masjid, or as Al Masjid al Aksî, "the Akså Mosque," or "the mosque," while the Main-building of the mosque, at the south end of the Haram Area, which we generally term the Aksa, he refers to as Al Mughattâ, "the Covered-part." Thus he writes "the mosque is entered by thirteen gates," meaning the gates of the Haram Area. So also "on the right of the court," means along the west wall of the Haram Area; "on the left side" means the east wall; and "at the back" denotes the northern boundary wall of the Haram Area. Nasir-i-Khusrau, who wrote in Persian, uses for the Main-building of the Aksâ Mosque the Persian word Pushish, that is, "Covered part," which exactly translates the Arabic Al Mughatta. On some occasions, however, the Akså Mosque (as we call it) is spoken of by Näsir as the Maksurah, a term used especially to denote the railed-off oratory of the Sultan, facing the Mihrâb, and hence in an extended sense applied to the building which includes the same. The great Court of the Haram Area, Nâsir always speaks of as the Masjid, or the Masjid al Akså, or again as the Friday Mosque (Masjid-i-Jum'ah).
  13. ↑ Idrīsī, Muhammad; Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836). Géographie d'Édrisi (in French). à l'Imprimerie royale. pp. 343–344. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022. Sous la domination musulmane il fut agrandi, et c'est (aujourd'hui) la grande mosquée connue par les Musulmans sous le nom de Mesdjid el-Acsa مسجد الأقصى. Il n'en existe pas au monde qui l'égale en grandeur, si l'on en excepte toutefois la grande mosquée de Cordoue en Andalousie ; car, d'après ce qu'on rapporte, le toit de cette mosquée est plus grand que celui de la Mesdjid el-Acsa. Au surplus, l'aire de cette dernière forme un parallelogramme dont la hauteur est de deux cents brasses (ba'a), et le base de cents quatre-vingts. La moitié de cet espace, celle qui est voisin du Mihrab, est couverte d'un toit (ou plutôt d'un dôme) en pierres soutenu par plusieurs rangs de colonnes ; l'autre est à ciel ouvert. Au centre de l'édifice est un grand dôme connu sous le nom de Dôme de la roche; il fut orné d'arabesques en or et d'autres beaux ouvrages, par les soins de divers califes musulmans. Le dôme est percé de quatre portes; en face de celle qui est à l'occident, on voit l'autel sur lequel les enfants d'Israël offraient leurs sacrifices; auprès de la porte orientale est l'église nommée le saint des saints, d'une construction élégante ; au midi est une chapelle qui était à l'usage des Musulmans; mais les chrétiens s'en sont emparés de vive force et elle est restée en leur pouvoir jusqu'à l'époque de la composition du présent ouvrage. Ils ont converti cette chapelle en un couvent où résident des religieux de l'ordre des templiers, c'est-à-dire des serviteurs de la maison de Dieu. Also at Williams, G.; Willis, R. (1849). "Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. Climate III. sect. 5. Translated by P. Amédée Jaubert. Tome 1. pp. 341—345.". The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem. J.W. Parker. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  14. ↑ Mustafa Abu Sway (Fall 2000). "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Islamic Sources". Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis: 60–68. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022. Quoting Mujir al-Din: "Verily, 'Al-Aqsa' is a name for the whole mosque which is surrounded by the wall, the length and width of which are mentioned here, for the building that exists in the southern part of the Mosque, and the other ones such as the Dome of the Rock and the corridors and other [buildings] are novel"
  15. ↑ Le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the Works of the Medieval Arab Geographers. Houghton, Mifflin. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2022. THE AKSÀ MOSQUE. The great mosque of Jerusalem, Al Masjid al Aksà, the "Further Mosque," derives its name from the traditional Night Journey of Muhammad, to which allusion is made in the words of the Kuran (xvii. I)... the term "Mosque" being here taken to denote the whole area of the Noble Sanctuary, and not the Main-building of the Aksà only, which, in the Prophet's days, did not exist.
  16. ↑ Strange, Guy le (1887). "Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kamâl (or Shams) ad Dîn as Suyûtî". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 19 (2). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 247–305. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00019420. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25208864. S2CID 163050043. …the term Masjid (whence, through the Spanish Mezquita, our word Mosque) denotes the whole of the sacred edifice, comprising the main building and the court, with its lateral arcades and minor chapels. The earliest specimen of the Arab mosque consisted of an open courtyard, within which, round its four walls, run colonades or cloisters to give shelter to the worshippers. On the side of the court towards the Kiblah (in the direction of Mekka), and facing which the worshipper must stand, the colonade, instead of being single, is, for the convenience of the increased numbers of the congregation, widened out to form the Jami' or place of assembly… coming now to the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem, we must remember that the term 'Masjid' belongs not only to the Aksa mosque (more properly the Jami' or place of assembly for prayer), but to the whole enclosure with the Dome of the Rock in the middle, and all the other minor domes and chapels.
  17. ↑ Abu-Sway, Mustafa (2013-03-31). "Al-Aqsa Mosque: Do Not Intrude!". Palestine-Israel Journal. Not only do the Israeli occupation authorities prevent freedom of movement and freedom of worship, they interfere in defining Al-Aqsa Mosque by restricting the meaning of Al-Aqsa Mosque to the southernmost building, Qibli Mosque, rather than all 144 dunums or 36 acres.
  18. ↑ Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, The Administration Department of Awgaf and Al-Aqsa Mosque Affairs, Jerusalem: Al-Aqsa Mosque: "Al-Aqsa Mosque is a second name for al-Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem; both expressions have the same meaning and refer to the same Holy Site and its components; it is the place, which Allah, Exalted be He, allocated to be Prophet Muhammad's home of al-Isra', the Holy Journey at Night, and al-Mi'raj, from which the Prophet ascended to Heavens… Al-Aqsa Mosque includes the Qibli Mosque (al-Jami' al-Aqsa), the Marwani Mosque, the Dome of the Rock Mosque, al-Buraq Mosque, the lower Asa, Bab al-Rahmah, all grounds, prayer halls, corridors with all the historical buildings built on them…"
  19. ↑ Royal Committee for Jerusalem Affairs: "Al-Musalla Al-Qibli is the large mosque building standing in the southern side of Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, it is called so because it stands in the direction of Al-Qiblah (direction of Mecca). Its construction in its current form was commenced by the Umayyad Caliph Abd Al-Malik Ibn Marwan, the building was completed during the reign of his son, Al-Walid Ibn Abd Al-Malik. Again, this edifice is a part of the blessed Aqsa Mosque and must not be referred to as Al-Aqsa Mosque itself."
  20. ↑ Jordan-PLO Agreement on the Jerusalem Holy Sites - English (2013): "Recalling the unique religious importance, to all Muslims, of al-Masjid al-Aqsa with its 144 Dunums, which include the Qibli Mosque of al-Aqsa, the Mosque of the Dome of the Rock and all its mosques, buildings, walls, courtyards, attached areas over and beneath the ground and the Waqf properties tied-up to al-Masjid al-Aqsa, to its environs or to its pilgrims (hereinafter referred to as "Al-Haram Al-Sharif")"
  21. ↑ United States State Department, INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORTS: Israel, West Bank and Gaza, 2018: "The Waqf continued to restrict non-Muslims who visited the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif from entering the Dome of the Rock and other buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, including the Al-Qibli/Al-Aqsa Mosque."
  22. ↑ Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, 11 Jun 2015, OIC Journal - Issue 29: "As a result of its immense religious significance, the Old City is home to a number of important religious monuments, such as the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which comprises several sacred landmarks including the Dome of the Rock, the Southern Mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Qibli) and the Buraq Wall, and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher."
  23. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2022-04-04). "39 COM 7A.27 - Decision". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-29. …the historic Gates and windows of the Qibli Mosque inside Al-Aqsa Mosque/ Al-Haram Al-Sharif, which is a Muslim holy site of worship and an integral part of a World Heritage Site
  24. ↑ For example: BBC Archived 25 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Arabiya, the Jordan Times, Al-Jazeera, Middle East Eye, Middle East Monitor.
  25. ↑ Al-Aqsa Mosque Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine Life in the Holy Land.
  26. ↑ Gonen, 2003, p. 95.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Al-Aqsa Mosque Restoration Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  28. ↑ Necipogulu, 1998, p. 14.
  29. ↑ Ma'oz, Moshe and Nusseibeh, Sari. (2000). Jerusalem: Points of Friction, and Beyond BRILL. pp. 136–138. ISBN 90-411-8843-6.
  30. ↑ Hillenbrand, Carolle. (2000). The Crusades: The Islamic Perspective Archived 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Routeledge, p. 382 ISBN 0-415-92914-8.
  31. ↑ Al-Aqsa Mosque Archived 3 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archnet Digital Library.
  32. ↑ Yuvaz, 1996, pp. 149–153.
  33. ↑ The Encyclopaedia of Islam; By H. A. R. Gibb, E. van Donzel, P. J. Bearman, J. van Lent; p.151
  34. ↑ Oweis, Fayeq S. (2002) The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran Archived 15 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Universal-Publishers, pp. 115–117. ISBN 1-58112-162-8.
  35. ↑ Jordan: We don't accept instructions from Israel on Temple Mount guards, Khaled Abu Toameh for The Jerusalem Post, 10 May 2022 (accessed the same day).
  36. ↑ Yaniv Berman, "Top Palestinian Muslim Cleric Okays Suicide Bombings" Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Media Line, 23 October 2006.
  37. ↑ Social Structure and Geography Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs.
  38. ↑ Camp David Projections Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. July 2000.

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