Jump to content

Alcoholism

From Wikipedia
alcoholism
signs den symptoms
Subclass ofalcohol abuse, dependence syndrome, substance use disorder Edit
Has causealcohol consumption Edit
Has effectMarchiafava-Bignami disease, liver cirrhosis, alcohol amnestic disorder, heart failure Edit
Dey afflictadult human, child, teenager Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, medical toxicology, psychology, vocational rehabilitation, narcology Edit
Possible treatmentpsychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy Edit
Practiced byalcoholic Edit
ICPC 2 IDP15 Edit

Alcoholism be de continued drinking of alcohol despite e dey cause problems. Sam definitions dey require evidence of dependence den withdrawal.[1] Na dem mention problematic alcohol use insyd de earliest historical records. Na de World Health Organization (WHO) estimate der be 283 million people plus alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016.[2][3] Na dem first coin de term alcoholism insyd 1852,[4] buh na alcoholism den alcoholic be consider stigmatizing wey e likely discourage seeking treatment, so na dem often use diagnostic terms such as alcohol use disorder den alcohol dependence instead insyd a clinical context.[5][6][7] Na dem use oda terms, sam slurs den sam informal, to refer to people wey be affected by alcoholism such as tippler, sot, drunk, drunkard, dipsomaniac den souse.[8]

Alcohol be addictive, den heavy long-term use results insyd chaw negative health den social consequences. E fi damage all organ systems, buh especially dey affect de brain, heart, liver, pancreas, den immune system.[9][10] Heavy usage fi result in trouble sleeping, den severe cognitive issues like dementia, brain damage, anaa Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. Physical effects dey include irregular heartbeat, impaired immune response, cirrhosis, increased cancer risk, den severe withdrawal symptoms if dem stop suddenly.[9][10][11]

Dese effects fi reduce life expectancy by 10 years.[12] Drinking during pregnancy fi harm de kiddie ein health,[13] den drunk driving dey increase de risk of traffic accidents. Alcoholism be associated plus violent den non-violent crime.[14] While alcoholism directly result in 139,000 deaths worldwide insyd 2013,[15] insyd 2012 3.3 million deaths fi be attributable globally to alcohol.[16]

De development of alcoholism be attributed to environment den genetics equally.[9] Sam bro plus a parent anaa sibling plus an alcohol use disorder be 3-4 times more likely to develop alcohol use disorder, buh a minority per dey do.[9] Environmental factors dey include social, cultural den behavioral influences.[17] High stress levels den anxiety, as well as alcohol ein low cost den easy accessibility, dey increase de risk.[9][18] Medically, alcoholism be considered both a physical den mental illness.[19][20] Dem usually dey use questionnaires to detect possible alcoholism.[9][21] Further information then be collected to confirm de diagnosis.[9]

Treatment dey take several forms.[22] Secof medical problems wey fi occur during withdrawal, alcohol cessation often for be controlled carefully.[22] A common method dey involve de use of benzodiazepine medications.[22] Dem sanso fi use de medications acamprosate anaa disulfiram to help prevent further drinking.[23] Mental illness anaa oda addictions fi complicate treatment.[24] Dem dey use individual, group therapy, anaa support groups to attempt to keep a person from returning to alcoholism.[25][26] Among dem be de abstinence-based mutual aid fellowship Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Na a 2020 scientific review find clinical interventions wey dey encourage increased participation insyd AA (AA/twelve step facilitation (TSF))—wey result in higher abstinence rates over oda clinical interventions, wey na chaw studies find AA/TSF lead to lower health costs.[27][28][29]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Littrell J (2014). Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-317-78314-5. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems
  2. ↑ Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2018. pp. 72, 80. ISBN 978-92-4-156563-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  3. ↑ "World Population Prospects – Population Division". United Nations. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  4. ↑ Alcoholismus chronicus, eller Chronisk alkoholssjukdom. Stockholm und Leipzig. 1852. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  5. ↑ Morris, J.; Moss, A. C.; Albery, I. P.; Heather, N. (1 January 2022). "The 'alcoholic other': Harmful drinkers resist problem recognition to manage identity threat". Addictive Behaviors. 124 107093. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107093. PMID 34500234. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  6. ↑ Ashford, Robert D.; Brown, Austin M.; Curtis, Brenda (1 August 2018). "Substance use, recovery, and linguistics: The impact of word choice on explicit and implicit bias". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 189: 131–138. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.005. PMC 6330014. PMID 29913324.
  7. ↑ Rehm, J (2011). "The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism". Alcohol Research & Health. 34 (2): 135–143. PMC 3307043. PMID 22330211.
  8. ↑ Chambers English Thesaurus. Allied Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-86062-04-3.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5 ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 490–97. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
  10. 1 2 "Alcohol's Effects on the Body". 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  11. ↑ Romeo J, Wärnberg J, Nova E, Díaz LE, Gómez-Martinez S, Marcos A (October 2007). "Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review". The British Journal of Nutrition. 98 (Suppl 1): S111-5. doi:10.1017/S0007114507838049. PMID 17922947.
  12. ↑ Schuckit MA (November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (22): 2109–13. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1407298. PMID 25427113. S2CID 205116954. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  13. ↑ "Fetal Alcohol Exposure". 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  14. ↑ Ritzer, George, ed. (2007-02-15). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosa039.pub2. ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  15. ↑ GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  16. ↑ "Alcohol Facts and Statistics". National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  17. ↑ Agarwal-Kozlowski K, Agarwal DP (April 2000). "[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]". Therapeutische Umschau. 57 (4): 179–84. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.57.4.179. PMID 10804873.
  18. ↑ Moonat S, Pandey SC (2012). "Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism". Alcohol Research. 34 (4): 495–505. doi:10.35946/arcr.v34.4.13. PMC 3860391. PMID 23584115.
  19. ↑ Mersy DJ (April 2003). "Recognition of alcohol and substance abuse". American Family Physician. 67 (7): 1529–32. PMID 12722853.
  20. ↑ "Health and Ethics Policies of the AMA House of Delegates" (PDF). June 2008. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015. H-30.997 Dual Disease Classification of Alcoholism: The AMA reaffirms its policy endorsing the dual classification of alcoholism under both the psychiatric and medical sections of the International Classification of Diseases. (Res. 22, I-79; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-89; Reaffirmed: CLRPD Rep. B, I-90; Reaffirmed by CSA Rep. 14, A-97; Reaffirmed: CSAPH Rep. 3, A-07)
  21. ↑ Higgins-Biddle JC, Babor TF (2018). "A review of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), AUDIT-C, and USAUDIT for screening in the United States: Past issues and future directions". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 44 (6): 578–586. doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1456545. PMC 6217805. PMID 29723083.
  22. 1 2 3 Blondell RD (February 2005). "Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence". American Family Physician. 71 (3): 495–502. PMID 15712624.
  23. ↑ Testino G, Leone S, Borro P (December 2014). "Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption". Minerva Medica. 105 (6): 447–66. PMID 25392958.
  24. ↑ DeVido JJ, Weiss RD (December 2012). "Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient". Current Psychiatry Reports. 14 (6): 610–8. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7. PMC 3712746. PMID 22907336.
  25. ↑ Morgan-Lopez AA, Fals-Stewart W (May 2006). "Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 14 (2): 265–73. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265. PMC 4631029. PMID 16756430.
  26. ↑ Albanese AP (November 2012). "Management of alcohol abuse". Clinics in Liver Disease. 16 (4): 737–62. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006. PMID 23101980.
  27. ↑ Kelly, John F.; Humphreys, Keith; Ferri, Marica (2020). "Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3) CD012880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2. PMC 7065341. PMID 32159228.
  28. ↑ Kelly, John F.; Abry, Alexandra; Ferri, Marica; Humphreys, Keith (2020). "Alcoholics Anonymous and 12-Step Facilitation Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Distillation of a 2020 Cochrane Review for Clinicians and Policy Makers". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 55 (6): 641–651. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agaa050. PMC 8060988. PMID 32628263.
  29. ↑ "Alcoholics Anonymous most effective path to alcohol abstinence". 2020. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholism&oldid=83888"