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Alzheimer's disease

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Alzheimer's disease
class of disease
Subclass oftauopathy, aging-associated disease, disease Edit
Dem name afterAlois Alzheimer Edit
Has causeunknown Edit
Health specialtyneurology Edit
Medical examinationneurological diagnostic techniques, medical history, magnetic resonance imaging, psychological test, genetic testing Edit
Possible treatmentmemantine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, physostigmine Edit
Described at URLhttps://www.sciencealert.com/theres-a-critical-thing-we-can-all-do-to-hold-alzheimers-symptoms-at-bay Edit
ICD-9-CM331.0, 290.1 Edit
ICPC 2 IDP70 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC2866 Edit

Alzheimer's disease (AD) be a neurodegenerative disease wey e be de most common form of dementia, wey dey account for around 60–70% of cases.[1][2] De most common early symptom be difficulty in remembering recent events.[3] As de disease dey advance, symptoms fi include problems plus language, disorientation (wey dey include easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, self-neglect, den behavioral issues.[4] As a person ein condition dey decline, dem often withdraw from family den society.[5] Gradually, dem dey loose bodily functions, ultimately wey dey lead to death. Although de speed of progression fi vary, de average life expectancy dey follow diagnosis be three to twelve years.[6][7][8]

De causes of Alzheimer's disease remain poorly understood.[5] Der be chaw environmental den genetic risk factors wey associate plus ein development. De strongest genetic risk factor be from an allele of apolipoprotein E.[9][10] Oda risk factors dey include a history of head injury, clinical depression, den high blood pressure.[3] De progression of de disease be largely characterised by de accumulation of malformed protein deposits insyd de cerebral cortex, dem call amyloid plaques den neurofibrillary tangles. Dese misfolded protein aggregates dey interfere plus normal cell function, den over time lead to irreversible degeneration of neurons den loss of synaptic connections insyd de brain.[11] A probable diagnosis dey base on de history of de illness den cognitive testing, plus medical imaging den blood tests to rule out oda possible causes.[12][13] Dem often dey mistaken initial symptoms for normal brain aging.[5] Dem dey need examination of brain tissue for a definite diagnosis, buh dis fi take place per after death.[14][15]

No treatments fi stop anaa reverse ein progression, though sam fi temporarily improve symptoms.[4] A healthy diet, physical activity, den social engagement generally fi be beneficial insyd aging, wey fi help in reducing de risk of cognitive decline den Alzheimer's.[11] Affected people cam be increasingly reliant on odas for assistance, often dey place a burden on caregivers.[16] De pressures fi include social, psychological, physical, den economic elements.[16] Exercise programs fi be beneficial plus respect to activities of daily living wey fi potentially improve outcomes.[17] Behavioral problems anaa psychosis secof dementia sam times be treated plus antipsychotics, buh dis get an increased risk of early death.[18][19]

As of 2020, na der be approximately 50 million people worldwide plus Alzheimer's disease.[20] E most often dey begin insyd people over 65 years of age, although up to 10% of cases be early-onset wey dey impact those insyd dema 30s to mid-60s.[21][22] E dey affect about 6% of people 65 years den older,[5] den women more often dan men.[23] Na dem name de disease after German psychiatrist den pathologist Alois Alzheimer, wey first describe am insyd 1906.[24] Alzheimer ein financial burden on society be large, plus an estimated global annual cost of US$1 trillion.[20] Dem rank Alzheimer's den related dementias as de seventh leading cause of death worldwide.[25]

Given de widespread impacts of Alzheimer's disease, both basic-science den health funders insyd chaw countries dey support Alzheimer's research at large scales. For example, de US National Institutes of Health program for Alzheimer's research, de National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease, get a budget of US$3.98 billion for fiscal year 2026.[26] Insyd de European Union, na de 2020 Horizon Europe research programme award over €570 million for dementia-related projects.[27]

References

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  1. ↑ "Dementia". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 24 July 2025.
  2. ↑ Simon RP, Greenberg DA, Aminoff MJ (2018). Clinical neurology (10th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-259-86173-4. OCLC 1012400314.
  3. 1 2 Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, Chételat G, Holtzman DM, Hyman BT, Nixon RA, Jones DT (May 2021). "Alzheimer disease". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 7 (1) 33. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00269-y. PMC 8574196. PMID 33986301.
  4. 1 2 "Dementia". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 338: b158. doi:10.1136/bmj.b158. PMID 19196745. S2CID 8570146.
  6. ↑ "How Alzheimer's medicines help manage symptoms". Mayo Clinic (in English). Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  7. ↑ Schaffert, Jeff; LoBue, Christian; Hynan, Linda S.; Hart, John; Rossetti, Heidi; Carlew, Anne R.; Lacritz, Laura; White, Charles L.; Cullum, C. Munro (2022). "Predictors of Life Expectancy in Autopsy-Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease". Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD. 86 (1): 271–281. doi:10.3233/JAD-215200. ISSN 1875-8908. PMC 8966055. PMID 35034898.
  8. ↑ Todd, Stephen; Barr, Stephen; Roberts, Mark; Passmore, A Peter (2013). "Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (in English). 28 (11): 1109–1124. doi:10.1002/gps.3946. ISSN 1099-1166.
  9. ↑ Long JM, Holtzman DM (October 2019). "Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies". Cell. 179 (2): 312–339. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.001. PMC 6778042. PMID 31564456.
  10. ↑ "Study reveals how APOE4 gene may increase risk for dementia". National Institute on Aging. 16 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  11. 1 2 "Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet". National Institute on Aging. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  12. ↑ "Dementia diagnosis and assessment" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  13. ↑ Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers (Report). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 20 June 2018. NG97. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  14. ↑ Khan S, Barve KH, Kumar MS (2020). "Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease". Curr Neuropharmacol. 18 (11): 1106–1125. doi:10.2174/1570159X18666200528142429. PMC 7709159. PMID 32484110.
  15. ↑ Gauthreaux K, Bonnett TA, Besser LM, Brenowitz WD, Teylan M, Mock C, Chen YC, Chan KC, Keene CD, Zhou XH, Kukull WA (May 2020). "Concordance of Clinical Alzheimer Diagnosis and Neuropathological Features at Autopsy". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 79 (5): 465–473. doi:10.1093/jnen/nlaa014. PMC 7160616. PMID 32186726.
  16. 1 2 Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J (July 2007). "Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia". BMC Geriatrics. 7 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-7-18. PMC 1951962. PMID 17662119.
  17. ↑ Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S (April 2015). "Exercise programs for people with dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Submitted manuscript). 132 (4) CD006489. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4. PMC 9426996. PMID 25874613.
  18. ↑ "Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics". US Food and Drug Administration. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  20. 1 2 Breijyeh Z, Karaman R (December 2020). "Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer's Disease: Causes and Treatment". Molecules (Review). 25 (24): 5789. doi:10.3390/molecules25245789. PMC 7764106. PMID 33302541.
  21. ↑ "Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet". National Institute on Aging. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  22. ↑ Mendez MF (November 2012). "Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD". Archives of Medical Research. 43 (8): 677–685. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.009. PMC 3532551. PMID 23178565.
  23. ↑ Zhu D, Montagne A, Zhao Z (June 2021). "Alzheimer's pathogenic mechanisms and underlying sex difference". Cell Mol Life Sci. 78 (11): 4907–4920. doi:10.1007/s00018-021-03830-w. PMC 8720296. PMID 33844047.
  24. ↑ Berchtold NC, Cotman CW (1998). "Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s". Neurobiology of Aging. 19 (3): 173–189. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992. S2CID 24808582.
  25. ↑ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  26. ↑ Bertagnolli MM (5 August 2024). "Fiscal Year 2026 NIH Professional Judgment Budget for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Research: Advancing Progress in Dementia Research". US National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  27. ↑ "Horizon Europe research programme". www.alzheimer-europe.org.
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