Jump to content

Anorexia nervosa

From Wikipedia
anorexia nervosa
class of disease, mental disorder
Subclass ofeating disorder, disease Edit
Facet givewomen's health Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, clinical psychology Edit
Possible treatmentpsychotherapy, psychomotor education Edit
Get characteristicfood refusal, social stigma of obesity Edit
ICD-9-CM307.1 Edit
ICPC 2 IDP86 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC34387 Edit

Anorexia nervosa (AN), dem often refer to simply as anorexia,[1] be an eating disorder wey be characterized by food restriction, body image disturbance, fear of gaining weight, den an overpowering desire to be thin.[2]

Individuals plus anorexia nervosa get a fear of being overweight anaa being seen as such, despite de fact say dem be typically underweight.[2][3] De DSM-5 dey describe dis perceptual symptom as "disturbance insyd de way insyd wich one ein body weight anaa shape be experienced".[4] Insyd research den clinical settings, na dem dey call dis symptom "body image disturbance"[5] anaa body dysmorphia.[6] Individuals plus anorexia nervosa sanso fi deny say dema symptoms anaa behaviors be indicative of illness.[7] Dem fi weigh demaselves frequently, eat small amounts, den chop certain chows per.[2] Sam patients plus anorexia nervosa binge eat den purge to influence dema weight anaa shape.[2] Purging fi manifest as induced vomiting, excessive exercise, den/anaa laxative abuse. Medical complications fi include osteoporosis, infertility, den heart damage,[2] along plus de cessation of menstrual periods.[6] Complications insyd men fi include lowered testosterone.[8] Insyd cases wer de patients plus anorexia nervosa continually dey refuse significant dietary intake den weight restoration interventions, a psychiatrist fi declare de patient to lack capacity to make decisions. Then, dese patients dema medical proxies decide dat de patient dey hia make dem feed dem by restraint via nasogastric tube.[9]

Anorexia often dey develop during adolescence anaa young adulthood.[2] Na one psychologist find multiple origins of anorexia nervosa insyd a typical female patient, buh primarily sexual abuse den problematic familial relations, especially those of overprotecting parents wey dey show excessive possessiveness over dema kiddies.[10] Dem dey think de exacerbation of de mental illness to follow a major life-change anaa stress-inducing events.[6] Ultimately however, causes of anorexia be varied den dey differ from individual to individual.[3] Der be emerging evidence dat der be a genetic component, plus na identical twins more often be affected dan fraternal twins.[3] Cultural factors dey play a very significant role, plus societies wey dey value thinness have higher rates of de disease.[6] Anorexia sanso commonly dey occur insyd athletes wey dey play sports wer a low bodyweight be thought to be advantageous for aesthetics anaa performance, such as dance, cheerleading[11], gymnastics, running, figure skating[6][12][13] den ski jumping[14][15][16] (Anorexia athletica).

Treatment of anorexia dey involve restoring de patient back to a healthy weight, treating dema underlying psychological problems, den addressing underlying maladaptive behaviors.[2] Na a daily low dose of olanzapine show to increase appetite den assist plus weight gain insyd anorexia nervosa patients.[17] Psychiatrists fi prescribe dema anorexia nervosa patients medications to better manage dema anxiety anaa depression.[2] Different therapy methods fi be useful, such as cognitive behavioral therapy anaa an approach wer parents dey assume responsibility for feeding dema kiddie, dem know as Maudsley family therapy.[2][18] Sam times people dey require admission to a hospital to restore weight. Evidence for benefit from nasogastric tube feeding be unclear.[19] Sam people plus anorexia go get a single episode den recover while odas fi get recurring episodes over years.[4] De largest risk of relapse dey occur within de first year post-discharge from eating disorder therapy treatment. Within de first two years post-discharge, approximately 31% of anorexia nervosa patients dey relapse.[20] Chaw complications, both physical den psychological, improve anaa resolve plus nutritional rehabilitation den adequate weight gain.[4]

Why say anorexia patients dey feel fat? — Anouk Keizer (Utrecht University)

Dem estimate e dey occur insyd 0.3% to 4.3% of women den 0.2% to 1% of men insyd Western countries at sam point insyd dema life.[21] About 0.4% of young women be affected insyd a given year wey e be estimated to occur ten times more commonly among women dan men.[6][21] E be unclear whether de increased incidence of anorexia dem observe insyd de 20th den 21st centuries be secof an actual increase insyd ein frequency anaa simply secof improved diagnostic capabilities.[3] Insyd 2013, na e directly result in about 600 deaths globally, up from 400 deaths insyd 1990.[22] Eating disorders sanso increase a person ein risk of death from a wide range of oda causes, wey dey include suicide.[2][21] About 5% of people plus anorexia die from complications over a ten-year period[6][23] plus medical complications den suicide be de primary den secondary causes of death respectively.[24] Anorexia get one of de highest death rates among mental illnesses, second per to opioid overdoses.[25]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Treasure J, Zipfel S, Micali N, Wade T, Stice E, Claudino A, Schmidt U, Frank GK, Bulik CM, Wentz E (November 2015). "Anorexia nervosa". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 1 15074. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.74. PMID 27189821.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "What are Eating Disorders?". National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Attia E (2010). "Anorexia nervosa: current status and future directions". Annual Review of Medicine. 61 (1): 425–435. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.050208.200745. PMID 19719398.
  4. 1 2 3 "Feeding and eating disorders" (PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Artoni P, Chierici ML, Arnone F, Cigarini C, De Bernardis E, Galeazzi GM, Minneci DG, Scita F, Turrini G, De Bernardis M, Pingani L (March 2021). "Body perception treatment, a possible way to treat body image disturbance in eating disorders: a case-control efficacy study". Eating and Weight Disorders. 26 (2): 499–514. doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00875-x. PMID 32124409.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 338–345. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  7. ↑ Vandereycken, Walter (2006). "Denial of illness in anorexia nervosa—a conceptual review: part 1 diagnostic significance and assessment". European Eating Disorders Review. 14 (5): 352–368. doi:10.1002/erv.722.
  8. ↑ Miller, K. K.; Lawson, E. A.; Mathur, V.; Wexler, T. L.; Meenaghan, E.; Misra, M.; Herzog, D. B.; Klibanski, A. (1 April 2007). "Androgens in Women with Anorexia Nervosa and Normal-Weight Women with Hypothalamic Amenorrhea". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (in English). 92 (4): 1334–1339. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2501. PMC 3206093. PMID 17284620.
  9. ↑ "Force-Feeding of Anorexic Patients and the Right to Die" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  10. ↑ Matt Lacoste, S. (1 September 2017). "Looking for the origins of anorexia nervosa in adolescence - A new treatment approach". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 36: 76–80. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.07.006.
  11. ↑ Reel JJ, Gill DL (1996). "Psychosocial Factors Related to Eating Disorders among High School and College Female Cheerleaders" (PDF). The Sport Psychologist. 10 (2): 195–206. doi:10.1123/tsp.10.2.195.
  12. ↑ Sudi K, Öttl K, Payerl D, Baumgartl P, Tauschmann K, Müller W (2004). "Anorexia athletica". Nutrition Journal. 20 (7–8): 657–661. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.019. PMID 15212748.
  13. ↑ Berends, Tamara (2018). "Relapse in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 31 (6): 445–455. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000453. hdl:1874/389359. PMID 30113325.
  14. ↑ Antonia Dolezal. "Gewichtsreduzierende Maßnahmen im Skisprungsport: eine Analyse der angewandten Strategien & Empfehlungen" (in German). Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Tirol. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
  15. ↑ Anita Theiss (2015-03-18). "Mehr Training, weniger Essen – Magersucht bei Sportlern" (in German). srf.ch. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
  16. ↑ "Magersucht durch BMI-Regel?" (in German). skisprungfan.de. 2005-07-19. Archived from the original on 2015-11-29. Retrieved 2025-06-08.
  17. ↑ Walsh, Timothy (2020). Eating Disorders: What Everyone Needs to Know (in English). Oxford University Press. pp. 105–113. ISBN 978-0-19-092659-5.
  18. ↑ Hay P (July 2013). "A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005–2012". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (5): 462–469. doi:10.1002/eat.22103. PMID 23658093.
  19. ↑ "Eating Disorders: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders". 2004. p. 103. PMID 23346610.
  20. ↑ Berends, Tamara (2018). "Relapse in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 31 (6): 445–455. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000453. hdl:1874/389359. PMID 30113325.
  21. 1 2 3 Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (August 2012). "Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates". Current Psychiatry Reports. 14 (4): 406–414. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y. PMC 3409365. PMID 22644309.
  22. ↑ Murray CJ, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". The Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  23. ↑ Espie J, Eisler I (2015). "Focus on anorexia nervosa: modern psychological treatment and guidelines for the adolescent patient". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 6: 9–16. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S70300. PMC 4316908. PMID 25678834.
  24. ↑ Smith, April R; Zuromski, Kelly L; Dodd, Dorian R (1 August 2018). "Eating disorders and suicidality: what we know, what we don't know, and suggestions for future research". Current Opinion in Psychology. Suicide. 22: 63–67. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.023. PMID 28846874.
  25. ↑ "Anorexia nervosa - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic (in English). Retrieved 6 March 2025.

Read further

[edit | edit source]
[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anorexia_nervosa&oldid=84746"