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Appendicitis

From Wikipedia
appendicitis
type of disease
Subclass ofintraabdominal infection, appendix disease, colonic disease Edit
Health specialtygeneral surgery Edit
Symptoms and signsvomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, nausea Edit
Medical examinationblood test, medical ultrasonography, computed tomography Edit
Possible treatmentappendectomy, antibiotic Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentmeropenem Edit
Anatomical locationappendix Edit
Possible medical findingsAaron's sign Edit
Risk factorsmoking Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/appendicitis Edit
ICD-9-CM540-543.99, 541 Edit
ICPC 2 IDD88 Edit

Appendicitis be inflammation of de appendix.[1] Symptoms commonly dey include right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever den decreased appetite.[1] However, approximately 40% of people no get dese typical symptoms.[1] Severe complications of a ruptured appendix dey include widespread, painful inflammation of de inner lining of de abdominal wall den sepsis.[2]

Appendicitis primarily be caused by a blockage of de hollow portion insyd de appendix.[3] Dis blockage typically dey result from a faecolith, a calcified "stone" dem make of feces.[4] Sam studies dey show a correlation between appendicoliths den disease severity.[5] Oda factors such as inflamed lymphoid tissue from a viral infection, intestinal parasites, gallstone, anaa tumors sanso fi lead to dis blockage.[4] Wen de appendix cam be blocked, e dey experience increased pressure, reduced blood flow, den bacterial growth, wey dey result in inflammation.[4][6] Dis combination of factors dey cause tissue injury den, ultimately, tissue death.[7] If dis process be left untreated, e fi lead to de appendix rupturing, wich dey release bacteria into de abdominal cavity, potentially dey lead to severe complications.[7][8]

De diagnosis of appendicitis largely be based on de person ein signs den symptoms.[6] Insyd cases wer de diagnosis be unclear, close observation, medical imaging, den laboratory tests fi be helpful.[9] De two most commonly used imaging tests give diagnosing appendicitis be ultrasound den computed tomography (CT scan).[9] CT scan be more accurate dan ultrasound in detecting acute appendicitis.[10] However, ultrasound fi be preferred as de first imaging test insyd kiddies den pregnant women secof de risks dem associate plus radiation exposure from CT scans.[9] Although ultrasound fi aid in diagnosis, ein main role be in identifying important differentials, such as ovarian pathology insyd females anaa mesenteric adenitis insyd kiddies.

Video summary (script).

De standard treatment give acute appendicitis dey involve de surgical removal of de inflamed appendix.[4][6] Dis procedure fi be performed either thru an open incision insyd de abdomen (laparotomy) anaa using minimally invasive techniques plus small incisions den cameras (laparoscopy). Surgery be essential to reduce de risk of complications anaa potential death dem associate plus de rupture of de appendix.[11] Antibiotics fi be equally effective insyd certain cases of non-ruptured appendicitis,[12][13][14] buh 31% go undergo appendectomy within one year.[15] E be one of de most common den significant causes of sudden abdominal pain. Insyd 2015, na dem report approximately 11.6 million cases of appendicitis, wey dey result in around 50,100 deaths worldwide.[16][17] Insyd de United States, appendicitis be one of de most common causes of sudden abdominal pain wey dey require surgery.[1] Annually, more dan 300,000 individuals insyd de United States undergo surgical removal of dema appendix.[18]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Graffeo CS, Counselman FL (November 1996). "Appendicitis". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 14 (4): 653–671. doi:10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70273-x. PMID 8921763.
  2. ↑ Hobler, K. (Spring 1998). "Acute and Suppurative Appendicitis: Disease Duration and its Implications for Quality Improvement" (PDF). Permanente Medical Journal. 2 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  3. ↑ Pieper R, Kager L, Tidefeldt U (1982). "Obstruction of appendix vermiformis causing acute appendicitis. An experimental study in the rabbit". Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica. 148 (1): 63–72. PMID 7136413.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Longo, Dan L.; et al., eds. (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 300. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  5. ↑ Dölling, M; Rahimli, M; Pachmann, J (2024). "Hidden Appendicoliths and Their Impact on the Severity and Treatment of Acute Appendicitis". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 13 (14): 4166. doi:10.3390/jcm13144166. PMC 11278186. PMID 39064205.
  6. 1 2 3 Tintinalli, Judith E., ed. (2011). Emergency medicine: a comprehensive study guide (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 84. ISBN 978-0-07-174467-6. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  7. 1 2 Schwartz's principles of surgery (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. 2010. pp. Chapter 30. ISBN 978-0-07-154770-3.
  8. ↑ Barrett ML, Hines AL, Andrews RM (July 2013). "Trends in Rates of Perforated Appendix, 2001–2010" (PDF). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Brief #159. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID 24199256. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-20.
  9. 1 2 3 Paulson EK, Kalady MF, Pappas TN (January 2003). "Clinical practice. Suspected appendicitis" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (3): 236–242. doi:10.1056/nejmcp013351. PMID 12529465. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  10. ↑ Shogilev DJ, Duus N, Odom SR, Shapiro NI (November 2014). "Diagnosing appendicitis: evidence-based review of the diagnostic approach in 2014". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine (Review). 15 (7): 859–871. doi:10.5811/westjem.2014.9.21568. PMC 4251237. PMID 25493136.
  11. ↑ Hobler, K. (Spring 1998). "Acute and Suppurative Appendicitis: Disease Duration and its Implications for Quality Improvement" (PDF). Permanente Medical Journal. 2 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-06. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  12. ↑ Javanmard-Emamghissi, Hannah (2021). "Antibiotics as first-line alternative to appendicectomy in adult appendicitis: 90-day follow-up from a prospective, multicentre cohort study". The British Journal of Surgery. 108 (11): 1351–1359. doi:10.1093/bjs/znab287. PMC 8499866. PMID 34476484. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  13. ↑ Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Lobo DN (April 2012). "Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 344 e2156. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2156. PMC 3320713. PMID 22491789.
  14. ↑ "Appendicitis: Surgical vs. Medical Treatment | Science-Based Medicine". sciencebasedmedicine.org (in American English). 2020-11-24. Retrieved 2022-11-04.
  15. ↑ Doleman, Brett; Fonnes, Siv; Lund, Jon N.; Boyd-Carson, Hannah; Javanmard-Emamghissi, Hannah; Moug, Susan; Hollyman, Marianne; Tierney, Gillian; Tou, Samson; Williams, John P. (2024-04-29). "Appendectomy versus antibiotic treatment for acute appendicitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2024 (4) CD015038. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015038.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 11057219. PMID 38682788.
  16. ↑ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  17. ↑ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  18. ↑ Mason RJ (August 2008). "Surgery for appendicitis: is it necessary?". Surgical Infections. 9 (4): 481–488. doi:10.1089/sur.2007.079. PMID 18687030.
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