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Arrhythmia

From Wikipedia
heart arrhythmia
medical finding, signs den symptoms, type of disease
Subclass ofheart disease, clinical sign, finding of cardiac rhythm, cardiovascular system symptom Edit
Has effectheart failure Edit
Studied byrhythmology Edit
Dey afflictheart rate variability Edit
Health specialtycardiology, rhythmology Edit
Genetic associationKCNH2, SCN5A Edit
ICD-9-CM427.9 Edit
ICPC 2 IDK80, K05 Edit
Opposite ofnormal sinus rhythm Edit

Arrhythmias, dem sanso know as cardiac arrhythmias, be irregularities insyd de heartbeat, wey dey include wen e be too fast anaa too slow.[1] Essentially, dis be anything buh normal sinus rhythm. A resting heart rate wey be too fast – above 100 beats per minute insyd adults – be called tachycardia, den a resting heart rate wey be too slow – below 60 beats per minute – be called bradycardia.[1] Sam types of arrhythmias no get symptoms.[2] Symptoms, wen present, fi include palpitations anaa feeling a pause between heartbeats.[2] Insyd more serious cases, der fi be lightheadedness, passing out, shortness of breath, chest pain, anaa decreased level of consciousness.[2] While most cases of arrhythmia no be serious, sam predispose a person to complications such as stroke anaa heart failure.[1][3] Odas fi result in sudden death.[3]

Arrhythmias often be categorized into four groups: extra beats, supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular arrhythmias den bradyarrhythmias.[4] Extra beats dey include premature atrial contractions, premature ventricular contractions den premature junctional contractions.[4] Supraventricular tachycardias dey include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter den paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.[4] Ventricular arrhythmias dey include ventricular fibrillation den ventricular tachycardia.[4][5] Bradyarrhythmias be secof sinus node dysfunction anaa atrioventricular conduction disturbances.[6] Arrhythmias be secof problems plus de electrical conduction system of de heart.[1] A number of tests fi help plus diagnosis, wey dey include an electrocardiogram (ECG) den Holter monitor.[7]

Chaw arrhythmias fi be effectively treated.[1] Treatments fi include medications, medical procedures such as inserting a pacemaker, den surgery.[8] Medications for a fast heart rate fi include beta blockers, anaa antiarrhythmic agents such as procainamide, wich attempt to restore a normal heart rhythm.[8] Dis latter group fi get more significant side effects, especially if dem take for a long period of time.[8] Pacemakers often be used for slow heart rates.[8] Those plus an irregular heartbeat often be treated plus blood thinners to reduce de risk of complications.[8] Those wey get severe symptoms from an arrhythmia anaa be medically unstable fi receive urgent treatment plus a controlled electric shock insyd de form of cardioversion anaa defibrillation.[8]

Arrhythmia dey affect millions of people.[9] Insyd Europe den North America, as of 2014, atrial fibrillation dey affect about 2% to 3% of de population.[10] Atrial fibrillation den atrial flutter result in 112,000 deaths insyd 2013, up from 29,000 insyd 1990.[11] However, insyd most recent cases wey dey concern de SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic, cardiac arrhythmias commonly be developed den associated plus high morbidity den mortality among patients dem hospitalize plus de COVID-19 infection, secof de infection ein ability to cause myocardial injury.[12] Sudden cardiac death be de cause of about half of deaths secof cardiovascular disease den about 15% of all deaths globally.[13] About 80% of sudden cardiac death be de result of ventricular arrhythmias.[13] Arrhythmias fi occur at any age buh be more common among older people.[9] Arrhythmias sanso fi occur insyd kiddies; however, de normal range give de heart rate dey vary plus age.[4]

Classification

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Broad classification of arrhythmias according to region of heart dem require to sustain de rhythm

Arrhythmias sanso be classified by site of origin:

Atrial arrhythmia

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  • Sinus bradycardia
  • Sinus arrhythmia
  • Sinus tachycardia
  • Premature atrial contractions (PACs)
  • Wandering atrial pacemaker
  • Atrial tachycardia
  • Multifocal atrial tachycardia
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
  • Atrial flutter
  • Atrial fibrillation (Afib)
  • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia

Junctional arrhythmia

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  • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia
  • Junctional rhythm
  • Junctional tachycardia
  • Premature junctional contraction

Ventricular arrhythmia

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  • Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), dem sam times call ventricular extra beats (VEBs)[14]
  • Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
  • Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia
  • Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
  • Ventricular fibrillation
  • Torsades de pointes
  • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
  • Re-entry ventricular arrhythmia

Heart blocks

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  • First-degree heart block, wich dey manifest as PR prolongation
  • Second-degree heart block
    • Type 1 Second degree heart block, dem sanso know as Mobitz I anaa Wenckebach
    • Type 2 Second degree heart block, dem sanso know as Mobitz II
  • Third-degree heart block, dem sanso know as complete heart block

Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome

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Causes of SADS insyd young people dey include viral myocarditis, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy den arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.[15][16]

Fetal arrhythmia

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Arrhythmias sanso fi occur insyd de fetus.[17]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "What Is Arrhythmia?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Arrhythmia?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Types of Arrhythmia". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Types of Arrhythmia". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Martin CA, Matthews GD, Huang CL (April 2012). "Sudden cardiac death and inherited channelopathy: the basic electrophysiology of the myocyte and myocardium in ion channel disease". Heart. 98 (7): 536–543. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2011-300953. PMC 3308472. PMID 22422742.
  6. ↑ Vogler J, Breithardt G, Eckardt L (July 2012). "Bradyarrhythmias and conduction blocks". Revista Espanola de Cardiologia. 65 (7): 656–667. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2012.01.027. PMID 22627074. S2CID 18983179.
  7. ↑ "How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "How Are Arrhythmias Treated?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  9. 1 2 "Who Is at Risk for an Arrhythmia?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  10. ↑ Zoni-Berisso M, Lercari F, Carazza T, Domenicucci S (2014). "Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective". Clinical Epidemiology. 6: 213–220. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S47385. PMC 4064952. PMID 24966695.
  11. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  12. ↑ Kuck KH (June 2020). "Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the COVID-19 pandemic". Herz. 45 (4): 325–326. doi:10.1007/s00059-020-04924-0. PMC 7181098. PMID 32333026.
  13. 1 2 Mehra R (2007). "Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death". Journal of Electrocardiology. 40 (6 Suppl): S118 – S122. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2007.06.023. PMID 17993308.
  14. ↑ Farzam, Khashayar; Richards, John R. (2022-12-27). "Premature ventricular contraction". StatPearls. PMID 30422584.
  15. ↑ Chugh SS, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Evanado A, Kehr E, Al Samara M, Mariani R, Gunson K, Jui J (2008). "Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death: clinical and research implications". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 51 (3): 213–228. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2008.06.003. PMC 2621010. PMID 19026856.
  16. ↑ Winkel BG, Holst AG, Theilade J, Kristensen IB, Thomsen JL, Ottesen GL, Bundgaard H, Svendsen JH, Haunsø S, Tfelt-Hansen J (April 2011). "Nationwide study of sudden cardiac death in persons aged 1-35 years". European Heart Journal. 32 (8): 983–990. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq428. PMID 21131293.
  17. ↑ Batra AS, Balaji S (2019). "Fetal arrhythmias: Diagnosis and management". Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal. 19 (3): 104–109. doi:10.1016/j.ipej.2019.02.007. PMC 6531664. PMID 30817991.
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