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Atrial fibrillation

From Wikipedia
atrial fibrillation
rare disease, class of disease, signs den symptoms
Subclass ofheart conduction disease, cardiac fibrillation, abnormal heart rhythm Edit
Name in kanaしんぼうさいどう Edit
Health specialtycardiology Edit
Symptoms and signspalpitation Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/atrial_fibrillation Edit
ICD-9-CM427.31 Edit
ICPC 2 IDK78 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC50466 Edit

Atrial fibrillation (AF, AFib anaa A-fib) be an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of de atrial chambers of de heart.[1] E often dey begin as short periods of abnormal beating, wich cam be longer anaa continuous over time.[2] E sanso fi start as oda forms of arrhythmia, such as atrial flutter, wey transform into AF.[3]

Episodes fi be asymptomatic.[4] Symptomatic episodes fi involve heart palpitations, fainting, lightheadedness, loss of consciousness, anaa shortness of breath.[5] Atrial fibrillation dey associate plus an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, den stroke.[4][6] E be a type of supraventricular tachycardia.[7]

Atrial fibrillation frequently dey result from bursts of tachycardia wey dey originate insyd muscle bundles wey dey extend from de atrium to de pulmonary veins.[8] Pulmonary vein isolation by transcatheter ablation fi restore sinus rhythm.[8] De ganglionated plexi (autonomic ganglia of de heart atrium den ventricles) sanso fi be a source of atrial fibrillation, wey sanso sam times be ablated for dat reason.[9] No be de pulmonary vein per, buh de left atrial appendage den ligament of Marshall fi be a source of atrial fibrillation wey sanso be ablated for dat reason.[10][11] As atrial fibrillation cam be more persistent, de junction between de pulmonary veins den de left atrium cam be less of an initiator den de left atrium cam be an independent source of arrhythmias.[12]

High blood pressure den valvular heart disease be de most common modifiable risk factors for AF.[13][14] Oda heart-related risk factors dey include heart failure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, den congenital heart disease.[13] Insyd low- and middle-income countries, valvular heart disease often be attributable to rheumatic fever.[15] Lung-related risk factorsb dey include COPD, obesity, den sleep apnea.[4] Cortisol den oda stress biomarkers, as well as emotional stress, fi play a role insyd de pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation.[16]

Oda risk factors dey include excess alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, subclinical hypothyroidism, den thyrotoxicosis.[4][15][17][18] However, about half of cases no be associated plus any of dese aforementioned risks.[4] Healthcare professionals fi suspect AF after feeling de pulse den confirm de diagnosis by interpreting an electrocardiogram (ECG).[19] A typical ECG insyd AF dey show irregularly spaced QRS complexes widout P waves.[19]

Healthy lifestyle changes, such as weight loss insyd people plus obesity, increased physical activity, den drinking less alcohol, fi lower de risk for AF den reduce ein burden if e occur.[20] AF often be treated plus medications to slow de heart rate to a near-normal range (dem know as rate control) anaa to convert de rhythm to normal sinus rhythm (dem know as rhythm control).[13] Electrical cardioversion fi convert AF to normal heart rhythm wey e be often necessary for emergency use if de person be unstable.[21] Ablation fi prevent recurrence insyd sam people.[22] For those at low risk of stroke, AF no necessarily dey require blood-thinning though sam healthcare providers fi prescribe an anti-clotting medication.[23] Chaw people plus AF be at increased risk of stroke.[24] For those at more dan low risk, experts generally dey recommend an anti-clotting medication.[23] Anti-clotting medications dey include warfarin den direct oral anticoagulants.[23] While dese medications dey reduce stroke risk, dem dey increase rates of major bleeding.[25]

Atrial fibrillation be de most common serious abnormal heart rhythm den, as of 2020, e dey affect more dan 33 million people worldwide.[20][26] As of 2014, na e affect about 2 to 3% of de population of Europe den North America.[27] De incidence den prevalence of AF dey increase.[24] Insyd de developing world, about 0.6% of males den 0.4% of females be affected.[27] De percentage of people plus AF dey increase plus age wey 0.1% under 50 years old, 4% between 60 den 70 years old, den 14% over 80 years old be affected.[27] Na de first known report of an irregular pulse be by Jean-Baptiste de Sénac insyd 1749.[26] Na Thomas Lewis be de first doctor to document dis by ECG insyd 1909.[26]

References

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  1. ↑ CDC (20 May 2024). "About Atrial Fibrillation". Heart Disease (in American English). Retrieved 2025-03-16.
  2. ↑ Zoni-Berisso M, Lercari F, Carazza T, Domenicucci S (2014). "Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective". Clinical Epidemiology. 6: 213–220. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S47385. PMC 4064952. PMID 24966695.
  3. ↑ Bun SS, Latcu DG, Marchlinski F, Saoudi N (September 2015). "Atrial flutter: more than just one of a kind". European Heart Journal. 36 (35). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2356–2363. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv118. PMID 25838435.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Munger TM, Wu LQ, Shen WK (January 2014). "Atrial fibrillation". Journal of Biomedical Research. 28 (1): 1–17. doi:10.7555/JBR.28.20130191. PMC 3904170. PMID 24474959.
  5. ↑ Gray D (2010). Chamberlain's Symptoms and Signs in Clinical Medicine: An Introduction to Medical Diagnosis (13th ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-340-97425-4.
  6. ↑ Sanders GD, Lowenstern A, Borre E, Chatterjee R, Goode A, Sharan L, Lapointe NA, Raitz G, Shah B, Yapa R, Davis JK (October 2018). Stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US) (Report). AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD). PMID 30480925. Report No.: 18-EHC018-EFReport No.: 2018-SR-04
  7. ↑ Richard D. Urman; Linda S. Aglio; Robert W. Lekowski, eds. (2015). Essential clinical anesthesia review: keywords, questions and answers for the boards. Cambridge University Press. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-107-68130-9. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  8. 1 2 McGarry TJ, Narayan SM (2012). "The anatomical basis of pulmonary vein reconnection after ablation for atrial fibrillation: wounds that never felt a scar?". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 50 (10): 939–941. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.032. PMC 3393092. PMID 22381430.
  9. ↑ Stavrakis S, Po S (2017). "Ganglionated Plexi Ablation: Physiology and Clinical Applications". Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review. 6 (4): 186–190. doi:10.15420/aer2017.26.1. PMC 5739885. PMID 29326833.
  10. ↑ Naksuk N, Padmanabhan D, Asirvatham SJ (2016). "Left Atrial Appendage: Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology, Arrhythmia and Therapeutic Intervention". JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology. 2 (4): 403–412. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2016.06.006. PMID 29759858.
  11. ↑ Corradi D, Callegari S, Macchi E (2016). "Morphology and pathophysiology of target anatomical sites for ablation procedures in patients with atrial fibrillation: part II: pulmonary veins, caval veins, ganglionated plexi, and ligament of Marshall". International Journal of Cardiology. 168 (3): 1769–1778. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.141. PMID 23907042.
  12. ↑ Eranki A, Wilson-Smith A, Manganas C (2023). "Mid term freedom from atrial fibrillation following hybrid ablation, a systematic review and meta analysis". Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 18 (1) 155. doi:10.1186/s13019-023-02189-2. PMC 10114378. PMID 37076929.
  13. 1 2 3 Anumonwo JM, Kalifa J (November 2014). "Risk factors and genetics of atrial fibrillation". Cardiology Clinics. 32 (4): 485–494. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2014.07.007. PMID 25443231.
  14. ↑ Nguyen TN, Hilmer SN, Cumming RG (September 2013). "Review of epidemiology and management of atrial fibrillation in developing countries". International Journal of Cardiology. 167 (6): 2412–2420. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.184. PMID 23453870.
  15. 1 2 Mischke K, Knackstedt C, Marx N, Vollmann D (April 2013). "Insights into atrial fibrillation". Minerva Medica. 104 (2): 119–130. PMID 23514988.
  16. ↑ Rafaqat S, Rafaqat S, Rafaqat S (February 2023). "The Role of Major Biomarkers of Stress in Atrial Fibrillation: A Literature Review". The Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management. 14 (2): 5355–5364. doi:10.19102/icrm.2023.14025. PMC 9983621. PMID 36874560.
  17. ↑ Staerk L, Sherer JA, Ko D, Benjamin EJ, Helm RH (April 2017). "Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Outcomes". Circulation Research (Review). 120 (9): 1501–1517. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.309732. PMC 5500874. PMID 28450367.
  18. ↑ Hytting, Jakob; Celik, Serkan; Bodeström Eriksson, Linus; Mallios, Panagiotis; Digerfeldt, Christofer; Waldemar, Annette; Wijkman, Magnus; Singull, Martin; Hubbert, Laila (2025-01-10). "Prevalence of abnormal thyroid hormone levels in acute new-onset atrial fibrillation". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (in English). 11 1518297. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1518297. ISSN 2297-055X. PMC 11757249. PMID 39866801.
  19. 1 2 Ferguson C, Inglis SC, Newton PJ, Middleton S, Macdonald PS, Davidson PM (May 2014). "Atrial fibrillation: stroke prevention in focus". Australian Critical Care. 27 (2): 92–98. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2013.08.002. PMID 24054541.
  20. 1 2 Chung MK, Eckhardt LL, Chen LY, Ahmed HM, Gopinathannair R, Joglar JA, Noseworthy PA, Pack QR, Sanders P, Trulock KM (April 2020). "Lifestyle and Risk Factor Modification for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 141 (16): e750 – e772. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000748. PMID 32148086.
  21. ↑ Oishi ML, Xing S (February 2013). "Atrial fibrillation: management strategies in the emergency department". Emergency Medicine Practice. 15 (2): 1–26, quiz 27. PMID 23369365.
  22. ↑ Amerena JV, Walters TE, Mirzaee S, Kalman JM (November 2013). "Update on the management of atrial fibrillation". The Medical Journal of Australia. 199 (9): 592–597. doi:10.5694/mja13.10191. PMID 24182224.
  23. 1 2 3 Freedman B, Potpara TS, Lip GY (August 2016). "Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation". Lancet. 388 (10046): 806–817. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31257-0. PMID 27560276. S2CID 5578741.
  24. 1 2 Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, Casado-Arroyo R, Caso V, Crijns HJ, De Potter TJ, Dwight J, Guasti L, Hanke T, Jaarsma T, Lettino M, Løchen ML, Lumbers RT, Maesen B, Mølgaard I, Rosano GM, Sanders P, Schnabel RB, Suwalski P, Svennberg E, Tamargo J, Tica O, Traykov V, Tzeis S, Kotecha D (30 August 2024). "2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)". European Heart Journal. 45 (36): 3314–3414. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176. hdl:11392/2573658. ISSN 0195-668X. PMID 39210723.
  25. ↑ Steinberg BA, Piccini JP (April 2014). "Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation". BMJ. 348 g2116. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2116. PMC 4688652. PMID 24733535.
  26. 1 2 3 Munger TM, Wu LQ, Shen WK (January 2014). "Atrial fibrillation". Journal of Biomedical Research. 28 (1): 1–17. doi:10.7555/JBR.28.20130191. PMC 3904170. PMID 24474959.
  27. 1 2 3 Zoni-Berisso M, Lercari F, Carazza T, Domenicucci S (2014). "Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective". Clinical Epidemiology. 6: 213–220. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S47385. PMC 4064952. PMID 24966695.

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