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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

From Wikipedia
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Other namesAttention-deficit disorder, hyperkinetic disorder (ICD-10)
An image of kiddies
People plus ADHD fi find am more difficult dan odas make dem focus on den plete tasks such as schoolwork.
SpecialtyPsychiatry, pediatrics
SymptomsDifficulty paying attention, excessive activity, difficulty controlling behavior
Usual onsetBefore age 6–12
Duration>6 months
CausesBoth genetic den environmental factors
Diagnostic methodBased for symptoms top after oda possible causes dem rule out
Differential diagnosisNormally active young kiddie, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, learning disorder, bipolar disorder, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder[1][2]
TreatmentCounseling, lifestyle changes, medications
MedicationStimulants, atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine[3][4]
Frequency51.1 million (2015)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)[5] be a neurodevelopmental disorder wey be characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, den emotional dysregulation wey be excessive den pervasive, wey dey impair insyd multiple contexts, den developmentally inappropriate.[6][7][8] ADHD symptoms dey arise from executive dysfunction.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

Impairments wey dey result from deficits insyd self-regulation such as time management, inhibition, task initiation, den sustained attention[15] fi include poor professional performance, relationship difficulties, den chaw health risks,[16][17] collectively wey dey predispose to a diminished quality of life den a reduction in life expectancy.[18] E be associated plus oda mental disorders as well as non-psychiatric disorders, wich fi cause additional impairment.[19] De disorder dey cost society hundreds of billions of US dollars each year, worldwide.[19]

References

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  1. ↑ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. pp. Chapter A. ISBN 978-0323076999.
  2. ↑ Zubler, MD, FAAP, Jennifer; Weitzman, MD, FAAP, Carol; Sloane, DO, Mark; Singh, MPA, Natasha; Senturias, MD, FAAP, Yasmin N.; Kosofsky, MD, PhD, Barry; Kable, PhD, Julie; Fernandez-Baca, MA, Daniel; Dang, MPH, Elizabeth; Chasnoff, MD, FAAP, Ira; Bertrand PhD, Jacquelyn; Balachova PhD, Tatiana; Hagan Jr. MD, FAAP, Joseph F. (2016). "Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure" (PDF). Pediatrics. 138 (4). American Journal of Pediatrics: e20151553. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1553. PMC 5477054. PMID 27677572. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A (November 2017). "Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 26 (11): 1283–1307. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y. PMC 5656703. PMID 28429134.
  4. ↑ Jain R, Katic A (August 2016). "Current and Investigational Medication Delivery Systems for Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 18 (4). doi:10.4088/PCC.16r01979. PMID 27828696. S2CID 3807877.
  5. ↑ Faraone SV, Bellgrove MA, Brikell I, Cortese S, Hartman CA, Hollis C, et al. (22 February 2024). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 10 (1): 11. doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00495-0. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 38388701.
  6. ↑ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  7. ↑ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. February 2022. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6. OCLC 1288423302.
  8. ↑ Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, Newcorn JH, Gignac M, Al Saud NM, Manor I, Rohde LA, Yang L, Cortese S, Almagor D, Stein MA, Albatti TH, Aljoudi HF, Alqahtani MM, Asherson P, Atwoli L, Bölte S, Buitelaar JK, Crunelle CL, Daley D, Dalsgaard S, Döpfner M, Espinet S, Fitzgerald M, Franke B, Gerlach M, Haavik J, Hartman CA, Hartung CM, Hinshaw SP, Hoekstra PJ, Hollis C, Kollins SH, Sandra Kooij JJ, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Li T, Liu J, Merzon E, Mattingly G, Mattos P, McCarthy S, Mikami AY, Molina BS, Nigg JT, Purper-Ouakil D, Omigbodun OO, Polanczyk GV, Pollak Y, Poulton AS, Rajkumar RP, Reding A, Reif A, Rubia K, Rucklidge J, Romanos M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Schellekens A, Scheres A, Schoeman R, Schweitzer JB, Shah H, Solanto MV, Sonuga-Barke E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Swanson JM, Thapar A, Tripp G, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Van der Oord S, Venter A, Vitiello B, Walitza S, Wang Y (September 2021). "The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 128. Elsevier BV: 789–818. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022. ISSN 0149-7634. PMC 8328933. PMID 33549739.
  9. ↑ Pievsky MA, McGrath RE (March 2018). "The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 33 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1093/arclin/acx055. PMID 29106438.
  10. ↑ Schoechlin C, Engel RR (August 2005). "Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 20 (6): 727–744. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005. PMID 15953706.
  11. ↑ Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, Jahanshad N, Sudre G, Wolfers T, Earl EA, Soliva Vila JC, Vives-Gilabert Y, Khadka S, Novotny SE, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Schweren LJ, Ambrosino S, Oranje B, de Zeeuw P, Chaim-Avancini TM, Rosa PG, Zanetti MV, Malpas CB, Kohls G, von Polier GG, Seitz J, Biederman J, Doyle AE, Dale AM, van Erp TG, Epstein JN, Jernigan TL, Baur-Streubel R, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Schrantee A, Høvik MF, Lundervold AJ, Kelly C, McCarthy H, Skokauskas N, O'Gorman Tuura RL, Calvo A, Lera-Miguel S, Nicolau R, Chantiluke KC, Christakou A, Vance A, Cercignani M, Gabel MC, Asherson P, Baumeister S, Brandeis D, Hohmann S, Bramati IE, Tovar-Moll F, Fallgatter AJ, Kardatzki B, Schwarz L, Anikin A, Baranov A, Gogberashvili T, Kapilushniy D, Solovieva A, El Marroun H, White T, Karkashadze G, Namazova-Baranova L, Ethofer T, Mattos P, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Plessen KJ, Kuntsi J, Mehta MA, Paloyelis Y, Harrison NA, Bellgrove MA, Silk TJ, Cubillo AI, Rubia K, Lazaro L, Brem S, Walitza S, Frodl T, Zentis M, Castellanos FX, Yoncheva YN, Haavik J, Reneman L, Conzelmann A, Lesch KP, Pauli P, Reif A, Tamm L, Konrad K, Oberwelland Weiss E, Busatto GF, Louza MR, Durston S, Hoekstra PJ, Oosterlaan J, Stevens MC, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Vilarroya O, Fair DA, Nigg JT, Thompson PM, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Shaw P, Tiemeier H, Bralten J, Franke B (July 2019). "Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 176 (7): 531–542. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033. PMC 6879185. PMID 31014101.
  12. ↑ Brown TE (October 2008). "ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice". Current Psychiatry Reports. 10 (5): 407–411. doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7. PMID 18803914. S2CID 146463279.
  13. ↑ Diamond A (2013). "Executive functions". Annual Review of Psychology. 64: 135–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. PMC 4084861. PMID 23020641. EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not.
  14. ↑ Antshel KM, Hier BO, Barkley RA (2014). "Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD". In Goldstein S, Naglieri JA (eds.). Handbook of Executive Functioning. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 107–120. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7. ISBN 978-1-4614-8106-5.
  15. ↑ Barkley, Russell A. (December 2002). "International Consensus Statement on ADHD". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 41 (12): 1389. doi:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00001. ISSN 0890-8567. PMID 12447019.
  16. ↑ Barkley RA, Murphy KR (1 June 2011). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (in English). 33 (2): 137–158. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x. ISSN 1573-3505.
  17. ↑ Fleming M, Fitton CA, Steiner MF, McLay JS, Clark D, King A, Mackay DF, Pell JP (July 2017). "Educational and Health Outcomes of Children Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". JAMA Pediatrics. 171 (7): e170691. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0691. PMC 6583483. PMID 28459927.
  18. ↑ Cattoi B, Alpern I, Katz JS, Keepnews D, Solanto MV (April 2022). "The Adverse Health Outcomes, Economic Burden, and Public Health Implications of Unmanaged Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Call to Action Resulting from CHADD Summit, Washington, DC, October 17, 2019". Journal of Attention Disorders. 26 (6): 807–808. doi:10.1177/10870547211036754. PMID 34585995. S2CID 238218526.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, et al. (September 2021). "The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 128. Elsevier BV: 789–818. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022. ISSN 0149-7634. PMC 8328933. PMID 33549739.

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