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Ayyubid dynasty

From Wikipedia
Ayyubid dynasty
dynasty, historical country, Ancient Dynasty
Part ofEgypt in the Middle Ages Edit
Year dem found am1171 Edit
Native labelئەیووبیەکان, al-Ayyūbīyūn Edit
Religion anaa worldviewSunni Islam Edit
Dem name afterNajm ad-Din Ayyub Edit
Official languageKurdish Edit
CountryAyyubid Sultanate Edit
CapitalCairo Edit
Government ein basic formmonarchy Edit
Currencygold dinar, Islamic Dirham Edit
Dey replaceFatimid Caliphate Edit
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish1341 Edit

De Ayyubid dynasty (Arabic: الأيوبيون, romanized: al-Ayyūbīyūn), dem sanso know as de Ayyubid Sultanate, be a Sunni Muslim Kurdish dynasty wey found de medieval Sultanate of Egypt, wich be established by Saladin insyd 1171, dey follow ein abolition of de Fatimid Caliphate. Saladin originally serve de Zengid ruler Nur al-Din, wey lead de latter ein army against de Crusaders insyd Fatimid Egypt, wer na dem make am vizier. Following de death of ein Zengid suzerain Nur al-Din insyd 1174, dem proclaim Saladin as de first Sultan of Egypt by de Abbasid Caliphate, wey he rapidly expand de new sultanate beyond Egypt to encompass most of Syria, in addition to Hejaz, Yemen, northern Nubia, Tripolitania den Upper Mesopotamia. Saladin ein military campaigns set de general borders den sphere of influence of de sultanate of Egypt for de almost 350 years of ein existence. Most of de Crusader states fall to Saladin after ein victory at de Battle of Hattin insyd 1187, buh de Crusaders reconquer de Syrian coastlands insyd de 1190s.

After Saladin ein death insyd 1193, ein sons contest control of de sultanate, buh Saladin ein bro al-Adil ultimately cam be sultan insyd 1200. All of de later Ayyubid sultans of Egypt be ein descendants. Insyd de 1230s, de emirs of Syria attempt to assert dema independence from Egypt den de Ayyubid realm remain divided til Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restore ein unity by subduing chaw of Syria, except Aleppo, by 1247. By then, local Muslim dynasties drive out de Ayyubids from Yemen, de Hejaz, den parts of Mesopotamia. After ein death insyd 1249, as-Salih Ayyub be succeeded insyd Egypt by ein son al-Mu'azzam Turanshah. However, de latter be soon overthrown by ein Mamluk generals wey repell a Crusader invasion of de Nile Delta. Dis effectively end Ayyubid power insyd Egypt. Attempts by de emirs of Syria, wey an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo lead, to wrest back Egypt fail. Insyd 1260, de Mongols sack Aleppo wey dem conquer de Ayyubids dema remaining territories soon after. De Mamluks, wey expel de Mongols, maintain de Ayyubid principality of Hama til deposing ein last ruler insyd 1341.

Despite dema relatively short tenure, de Ayyubid dynasty get a transformative effect on de region, particularly Egypt. Under de Ayyubids, Egypt, wich na previously be a formally Shia caliphate, cam be de dominant Sunni political den military force, den de economic den cultural centre of de region, a status wey e go retain til na de Ottomans conquer am insyd 1517. Thru out de sultanate, Ayyubid rule usher in an era of economic prosperity, den de facilities den patronage wey be provided by de Ayyubids lead to a resurgence insys intellectual activity insyd de Islamic world. Dis period sanso be marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously wey dey strengthen Sunni Muslim dominance insyd de region by constructing numerous madrasas (Islamic schools of law) insyd dema major cities.

Name

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Insyd medieval Islamic sources, na de Ayyubids be referred to as de "Kurdish regime/dynasty" (Arabic: دولة الکردية, romanized: Dawlat al-Kurdiyya),[1] de "dynasty/regime of the Kurds" (Arabic: دولة الأکراد, romanized: Dawlat al-Akrād),[1][2] anaa as de "Kurdish Kingdom" (Arabic: المملکة الحصينة الأکرادية, romanized: al-Mamlaka al-Ḥasina al-Akrādiyya).[3] For example, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Khazraji, a writer at de end of de Ayyubid period, wrep a history entitled Tar'īkh al-Dawlat al-Akrād wal-Atrāk, wich dey translate as "The History of the State of the Kurds and of the Turks". De "Kurds" refer to de Ayyubids while de "Turks" refer to de Mamluks wey succeed dem insyd 1250.[4][5][6] De dynasty sanso be referred to as de "Ayyubid Kurds" (Arabic: الأکراد الأيوبية al-Akrād al-Ayyūbiyya) den "Kurdish rulers of Egypt".[7]

References

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  1. 1 2 Bajalan & Karimi 2017, pp. 19–21.
  2. ↑ van den Bent, J. M. C. (2020). Mongols in Mamluk eyes: Representing ethnic others in the medieval Middle East. P. 27.
  3. ↑ Pohl, Walter; Kramer, Rutger (2021). Empires and Communities in the Post-Roman and Islamic World, C. 400-1000 CE (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-006794-6.
  4. ↑ Cahen, Claude (1940). La Syrie du nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche (in French). P. Geuthner. p. 68.
  5. ↑ Radpey, Loqman (2023). Towards an Independent Kurdistan: Self-Determination in International Law (in English). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-003-82238-7.
  6. ↑ Satō, Tsugitaka (1997). State and Rural Society in Medieval Islam: Sultans, Muqtaʻs, and Fallahun (in English). Brill. p. 43. ISBN 978-90-04-10649-9.
  7. ↑ Bajalan & Karimi 2017, pp. 19–21, 31–32.
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