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Bacterial vaginosis

From Wikipedia
bacterial vaginosis
infectious disease, class of disease
Subclass ofvaginitis, bacterial infectious disease, disease Edit
Facet givewomen's health Edit
Has causeGardnerella vaginalis Edit
Health specialtygynaecology Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentacetic acid, clindamycin, metronidazole Edit

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) be an infection of de vagina wey excessive growth of bacteria cause.[1][2] Common symptoms dey include increased vaginal discharge wey often dey smell like fish.[3] De discharge usually be white anaa gray in color.[3] Burning plus urination fi occur.[3] Itching be uncommon.[1][3] Occasionally, der fi be no symptoms.[3] Having BV approximately dey double de risk of infection by a number of sexually transmitted infections, wey dey include HIV/AIDS.[4][5] E sanso dey increase de risk of early delivery among pregnant women.[6][7]

BV be caused by an imbalance of de naturally occurring bacteria insyd de vagina.[8][9] Der be a change insyd de most common type of bacteria den a hundred to thousandfold increase insyd total numbers of bacteria present.[1] Typically, bacteria oda dan Lactobacilli cam be more common.[10] Risk factors dey include douching, new anaa multiple sex partners, antibiotics, den using an intrauterine device, among odas.[9] However, e no be considered a sexually transmitted infection den, unlike gonorrhoea den chlamydia, sexual partners no be treated.[11] Diagnosis be suspected based on de symptoms, wey e fi be verified by testing de vaginal discharge den finding a higher dan normal vaginal pH, den large numbers of bacteria.[1] BV often be confused plus a vaginal yeast infection anaa infection plus Trichomonas.[12]

Usually treatment be plus an antibiotic, such as clindamycin anaa metronidazole.[1][13] Dese medications sanso fi be used insyd de second anaa third trimesters of pregnancy.[1] De antiseptic boric acid sanso fi be effective.[14] BV often dey recur dey follow treatment.[1] Probiotics fi help prevent re-occurrence.[1][15] E be unclear if de use of probiotics anaa antibiotics dey affect pregnancy outcomes.[1][16]

BV be de most common vaginal infection insyd women of reproductive age.[9] Prevalence dey differ by countries den demographics, plus a systematic review den meta-analysis finding global prevalence insyd reproductive aged women wey dey range from 23 to 29%.[17][18] While BV-like symptoms be described for much of recorded history, de first clearly documented case occur insyd 1894.[19]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Donders GG, Zodzika J, Rezeberga D (April 2014). "Treatment of bacterial vaginosis: what we have and what we miss". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 15 (5): 645–57. doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.881800. PMID 24579850. S2CID 19241611.
  2. ↑ Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH (January 2014). "Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 32 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361822. PMC 4148456. PMID 24390920.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "What are the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-05-21. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  4. ↑ Kenyon C, Colebunders R, Crucitti T (December 2013). "The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 209 (6): 505–23. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.006. PMID 23659989.
  5. ↑ Bradshaw CS, Brotman RM (July 2015). "Making inroads into improving treatment of bacterial vaginosis - striving for long-term cure". BMC Infectious Diseases. 15 292. doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1027-4. PMC 4518586. PMID 26219949.
  6. ↑ Queena JT, Spong CY, Lockwood CJ, eds. (2012). Queenan's management of high-risk pregnancy: an evidence-based approach (6th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Willey-Blackwell. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-470-65576-4.
  7. ↑ "What are the treatments for bacterial vaginosis (BV)?". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-07-15. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Bennett J (2015). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3.
  9. 1 2 3 "Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): Condition Information". National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-05-21. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  10. ↑ Nardis C, Mosca L, Mastromarino P (September–October 2013). "Vaginal microbiota and viral sexually transmitted diseases". Annali di Igiene. 25 (5): 443–56. doi:10.7416/ai.2013.1946. PMID 24048183.
  11. ↑ "Bacterial Vaginosis – CDC Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  12. ↑ Mashburn J (2006). "Etiology, diagnosis, and management of vaginitis". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 51 (6): 423–30. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2006.07.005. PMID 17081932.
  13. ↑ Faught BM, Reyes S (September 2019). "Characterization and Treatment of Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis". J Women's Health (Larchmt). 28 (9): 1218–1226. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7383. PMID 31403349.
  14. ↑ Lærkeholm Müller, Matilde; Damsted Petersen, Christina; Saunte, Ditte Marie L. (2024). "Boric Acid for the Treatment of Vaginitis: New Possibilities Using an Old Anti-Infective Agent: A Systematic Review". Dermatologic Therapy. 2024 (1) 2807070. Wiley. doi:10.1155/2024/2807070. ISSN 1396-0296.
  15. ↑ Chieng WK, Abdul Jalal MI, Bedi JS, Zainuddin AA, Mokhtar MH, Abu MA, Chew KT, Nur Azurah AG (2022). "Probiotics, a promising therapy to reduce the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis in women? a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Front Nutr. 9 938838. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.938838. PMC 9530327. PMID 36204368.
  16. ↑ Othman M, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z (January 2007). "Probiotics for preventing preterm labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012 (1) CD005941. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005941.pub2. PMC 9006117. PMID 17253567.
  17. ↑ "Bacterial vaginosis". www.who.int (in English). Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 2025-07-19.
  18. ↑ Peebles, Kathryn; Velloza, Jennifer; Balkus, Jennifer E.; McClelland, R. Scott; Barnabas, Ruanne V. (May 2019). "High Global Burden and Costs of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Sexually Transmitted Diseases (in American English). 46 (5): 304–311. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000972. ISSN 0148-5717. PMID 30624309. Archived from the original on 15 July 2025. Retrieved 19 July 2025.
  19. ↑ Borchardt KA (1997). Sexually transmitted diseases: epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Boca Raton [u.a.]: CRC Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8493-9476-8. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
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