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Battle of Badr

From Wikipedia
Battle of Badr
battle
Part ofMuslim–Quraysh War Edit
Ein locationBadr, Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula Edit
Coordinate location23°44′0″N 38°46′0″E Edit
Point for tym insyd12 March 624 Edit
Participantfirst Islamic state, Mecca Edit
Map

De Battle of Badr anaa sam times be called The Raid of Badr (Arabic: غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ [ɣazwatu badr]; Ghazwahu Badr), dem sanso refer to as The Day of the Criterion ((Arabic: يَوْمُ الْفُرْقَانْ, Arabic pronunciation: [jawm'ul fur'qaːn]; Yawm al-Furqan) insyd de Qur'an den by Muslims, dem fight am on 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH),[1] near de present-day city of Badr, Al Madinah Province insyd Saudi Arabia. Muhammad, wey dey command an army of ein Sahaba, defeat an army of de Quraysh wey Amr ibn Hishām lead, dem better know among Muslims as Abu Jahl. De battle mark de beginning of de six-year war between Muhammad den ein tribe. De Battle of Badr take place after five anaa six unsuccessful attempts by de Muslims to intercept den raid Meccan trade caravans between 623 den early 624 CE.

Muhammad take a keen interest in capturing Meccan caravans den dema wealth after ein migration to Medina. A few days before de battle, wen he learn of a Makkan caravan wey dey return from de Levant wey Abu Sufyan ibn Harb lead, Muhammad gather a small expeditionary force to raid am. Abu Sufyan, learning of de Muslim plan to ambush ein caravan, change course den take a longer route away from Muhammad ein base at Medina wey he send a messenger to Mecca, dey biz for help. Amr ibn Hisham command an army nearly one-thousand strong, wey dey approach Badr den encamping at de dune al-'Udwatul Quswa.

Badr be de first large-scale engagement between de Muslims den de Quraysh Meccans. Dey advance from de north, de Muslims face de Meccans. De battle begin plus duels between de warriors on both sides, dey follow wich de Meccans charge upon de Muslims under a cover of arrows. De Muslims counter dema charge wey dem break de Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders, wey dey include Abu Jahl den Umayyah ibn Khalaf.

De Muslim victory strengthen Muhammad ein position; De Medinese eagerly join ein future expeditions den tribes outsyd Medina openly ally plus Muhammad.[2] Dem pass de battle down insyd Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, den by oda sources to de strategic prowess of Muhammad.

Background

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After de Hijra (migration to Medina) insyd 622 CE, de population of Medina choose Muhammad to be de leader of de community. Muhammad ein followers decide to raid de caravans of de Meccans as dem pass by Medina.[3]

Insyd early 624, a caravan of de Quraysh wey Abu Sufyan ibn Harb lead wey dey carry wealth den goods from de Levant (possibly Gaza[4]) na e dey return to Mecca. Na e dey carry merchandise worth 50,000 dinars wey be guarded by 70 men.[4] De caravan extraordinarily be large, possibly secof several smaller caravans fi be grouped for safety. All de leading Meccan financiers get a share insyd dis trading venture,[5] den thus e get a strong interest insyd ein returning.[4]

Battlefield

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Map wey dey depict de battlefield, plus al-'Udwatul Dunya den al-'Udwatul Quswa, dem show to de right.

De valley of Badr be surrounded by two large sand dunes to de east, dem call al-'Udwatud Dunya (de near side of de valley) den al-'Udwatul Quswa (de far side of de valley).[6] De west of de valley be covered by de al-Asfal Mountain (Jabal Al-Asfal) plus an opening between am den anoda hill insyd de northwest.[7]

Between al-'Udwatud Dunya den al-'Udwatul Quswa be an opening, wich be de primary route to Medina. Muhammad den ein army no approach de battlefield from hie, dem cam from de north, as dem originally dey plan to target de caravan, wich dey move from de Levant insyd de north, to Mecca insyd de south.[7] Between al-'Udwatul Quswa den de hill wey dey cover de southern part of de battlefield be anoda opening, wich be de primary route from Mecca.[8][9]

De Quraish encamp insyd de south-eastern portion of de valley near de road to Mecca, while Muhammad den ein army encamp at sam date-palms insyd de north. Dem take a well near de center of de western margin of al-'Udwatul Dunya wey dem destroy de oda wells near de road to Medina to prevent de Makkans from getting any water. Dem later fill anoda well wey dey situate at de end of de road to Mecca plus de bodies of de dead Makkans.[8]

Rainfall

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On de night of 11 March (15 Ramadan), e rain over de battlefield den de surrounding region. Muslims dey believe dis be a blessing from Allah give de believers den a curse give de disbelievers, wey suffer hardship in trying to climb de muddy slope.[10]

Aftermath

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Casualties

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Meccan casualties

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Dem inscribe de names of de 14 Muslim martyrs at Badr into de Badr Martyrs Monument near de battlefield
  • Amr ibn Hishām
  • Umayyah ibn Khalaf
  • 'Utbah ibn Rabi'ah
  • Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah
  • al-Walid ibn 'Utbah
  • al-Aswad bin
  • 'Abdul-Asad al-Makhzumi
  • Nadr ibn al-Harith
  • 'Uqbah ibn Abū Mu‘ayṭ[11][12][13]

Muslim casualties

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Muslims casualties at Badr
Haritha bin Suraqa al-Khazraji حارثہ بن سراقة الخزرجي
Zish Shamalain bin 'Abdi 'Amr al-Muhajiri ذو الشمالين بن عبد عمر المهاجري
Rafi' bin al-Mu'alla al-Khazraji رافع بن المعلاء الخزرجي
Sa'd bin Khaythama al-Awsi سعد بن خيثمة الأوسي
Safwan bin Wahb al-Muhajiri صفوان بن وهب المهاجري
'Aaqil bin al-Bukayr al-Muhajiri عاقل بن البكير المهاجري
'Ubayda bin al-Harith al-Muhajiri عبيدة بن الحارث المهاجري
'Umayr bin al-Humam al-Khazraji عمير بن الحمام الخزرجي
'Umayr bin Abu Waqqas al-Muhajiri عمير بن أبو وقاس المهاجري
'Awf bin al-Harith al-Khazraji عوف بن الحارث الخزرجي
Mubashir bin 'Abdul Mundhir al-Awsi مبشر بن عبدالمنذر الأوسي
Mu'awwidh bin al-Harith al-Khazraji معوذ بن الحارث الخزرجي
Mihja' bin Salih al-Muhajiri مهجاء بن صالح المهاجري
Yazid bin al-Harith bin Fushum al-Khazraji يزيد بن الحارث بن فصحم الخزرجي

References

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  1. ↑ Montgomery Watt W. (1956). Muhammad At Medina. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.
  2. ↑ William Montgomery Watt (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Clarendon Press. p. 17. The people of Medina were much readier to join Muhammad's expeditions...The friendly tribes between Medina and the sea were presumably more ready to help Muhammad openly...Pagan nomads in the neighbourhood of Medina were much readier to profess Islam.
  3. ↑ John Esposito, Islam, Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, p.4-5
  4. 1 2 3 Watt 1956, p. 10-11.
  5. ↑ Ramadan 2007, p. 100-101.
  6. ↑ Surah Al-Anfal (8:42), Qur'an
  7. 1 2 Codingest (2024-03-26). "The Great Battle of Badr: A Key Event in Ramadan and a Turning Point in Islamic History". Islamonweb English (in English). Retrieved 2025-03-28.
  8. 1 2 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  9. ↑ "Battle of Badr". education.nationalgeographic.org (in English). Retrieved 2025-03-28.
  10. ↑ Mubārakfūrī, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān (2002). The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet (in English). Darussalam. ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8.
  11. ↑ Sahih Bukhari: Volume 1, Book 4, Number 241
  12. ↑ Sahih Bukhari: Volume 1, Book 9, Number 499
  13. ↑ Al Tabaqat-al-Kubra, Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2, p. 260, ghazwatul Badr, Darul Ihya'it-Turathil-'Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon, First Edition, (1996)
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