Battle of Uhud
| Part of | Muslim–Quraysh War  |
|---|---|
| Ein location | Mount Uhud, Medina, Arabian Peninsula |
| Coordinate location | 24°30′12″N 39°36′42″E |
| Point for tym insyd | 23 March 625 |
| Participant | Quraysh |
| Has cause | Battle of Badr |
Na dem fight de Battle of Uhud (Arabic: غزوة أحد, romanized: Ghazwat ʾUḥud) between de early Muslims den de Quraysh during de Muslim–Quraysh wars insyd a valley north of Mount Uhud near Medina on Saturday, 23 March 625 AD (7 Shawwal, 3 AH).
Following de Muslim emigration to Medina, na hostilities plus de Quraysh intensify, largely secof Muslim raids on Meccan trade caravans. Insyd 624, na de Quraysh suffer a major defeat at de Battle of Badr, during wich na dem kill chaw of dema leaders. De year wey dey follow, na Abu Sufyan ibn Harb lead a force of approximately 3,000 men toward Medina make he avenge de loss. Na de two sides meet near Mount Uhud, just north of de city. At de outset of de engagement, na de Muslims gain de upper hand wey dem force de Meccan lines make dem retreat. Na a group of Muslim archers wey naMuhammad station on a nearby hill in order make dem protect de army ein rear den guard against a cavalry attack. However, na dem believe dem win de battle, na chaw of dem lef dema positions make dem collect spoils from de Meccan camp. Na dis lapse allow de Meccan cavalry, wey na Khalid ibn al-Walid lead, make he launch a counterattack from de rear, wey dey reverse de momentum of de battle, den dey disrupt de Muslim lines. Na de resulting chaos lead to heavy losses on de Muslim side, wey dey include de death of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib.
Na dem see de battle as a significant setback give de Muslims den a minor victory give de Quraysh as dem go return plus an even larger force insyd de Battle of the Trench.[1]
Background
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Na Muhammad initially spread ein new religion insyd Mecca, wer na he find no opposition from de local people til na he attack dema polytheistic beliefs.[2][3][4] As na tensions plus de Meccans increase, Muhammad bring ein followers make dem migrate to Medina after ein successful negotiations plus Banu Aws den Khazraj make dem mediate dema tribal conflicts.[5] Francis Peters dey propose say na dese raids probably be a quick remedy by Muhammad for de poverty of ein people insyd de new land, wey lack agricultural skills den capital for trade.[6] Tariq Ramadan dey agree plus dis reasoning, buh sanso dey add dat na dem initiate The Battle of Badr in particular make e impress de Meccans, wey na dem increasingly cam be hostile towards Medina.[7]
Insyd March 624, after na dem gain rich plunder from attacking a caravan at Nakhla, na Muhammad receive information about a large Quraysh trade caravan wey dey contain about 1,000 camels den 50,000 dinars dey on ein way from Gaza to Mecca, wey na he order ein followers make dem ambush am.[8] De very cautious Abu Sufyan, wey lead de caravan, get wind of ein plan wey na he send messengers on a quick trip to Mecca for help, wey na he divert de caravan to anoda route. Na de reinforcements then camp at Badr, wer dem later meet up plus de Muslims. Na a battle ensue, den plus great charisma den powers of suggestion, na Muhammad manage make he get ein troops to defeat de Quraysh reinforcements, wich na dem be larger in number.[9]
Na dis defeat be a major catastrophe give de people of Mecca. Na dem kill a number of ein influential den experienced men, wey dey include Amr ibn Hisham. Na dem shake dema prestige. Na dema old enemies, such as de Hawazin, san begin dey set dema sights on dem. On Muhammad ein part, na dis victory draw all eyes to am. Na de use dis victory as proof of ein prophethood. Na those wey na dem support den participate insyd ein raids cam be chaw.[10] Abu Sufyan, wey na dem choose as de successor of de leader of de Quraysh, vow vengeance. Chaw months later, na he accompany a party of 200 men to Medina. Der, na he meet ein old paddie, de Banu Nadir chief, wey he then provide am plus a meal den sam background information about de area, buh nothing more. Na he den ein party then lef Medina, wey na dem burn two houses den lay waste to sam fields in fulfillment of ein vow.[11]
Na further skirmishes between de Meccans den de Muslims go occur thereafter.[12] A few months later, na Abu Sufyan mobilize an invasion force of over 3,000 men make dem retaliate against de Muslims for de losses at Badr.[13]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Watt, William Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Caldron Press. pp. 21–29.
- ↑ Buhl & Welch 1993, p. 364.
- ↑ Lewis 2002, p. 35–36.
- ↑ Gordon 2005, p. 120-121.
- ↑ "Aws and Khazraj". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
- ↑ Peters, Francis E. (1994-01-01). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam (in English). SUNY Press. pp. 211–214. ISBN 978-0-7914-1875-8.
- ↑ Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In The Footsteps of the Prophet (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-19-530880-8.
- ↑ Watt, William Montgomery (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-19-881078-0.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ↑ Buhl & Welch 1993, p. 364-369.
- ↑ Watt (1974) pp. 124—127
- ↑ Watt (1974], pp. 133
- ↑ Watt (1974) pp. 124—127
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
Books den journals
[edit | edit source]- Gordon, Matthew (2005-05-30). The Rise of Islam (in English). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32522-9.
- Karsh, Efraim (2013). Islamic Imperialism: A History (in English). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20133-8.
- Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History (in English). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51441-5.
- Lewis, Bernard (2002). The Arabs in History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280310-8.
- Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993). "Muḥammad". In Bosworth, C.E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 360–387. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
- Andrae, Tor; Menzel, Theophil (1960). Mohammed: The Man and His Faith. New York: Harper Torchbook. OCLC 871364.
- Firestone, Rueven (1999). Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512580-0.
- Holt, P. M.; Bernard Lewis (1977a). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29136-4.
- I. Ishaq & A. Guillaume (October 2002). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press, USA; New Impression edition. ISBN 0-19-636033-1.
- Muir, William; Weir, T. H. (1912). The Life of Mohammad. Edinburgh: John Grant. OCLC 5754953.
- Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). Islam at War: a history. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-98101-0.
- Peters, F.E (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-1875-8.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-881078-4
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1981). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press; New edition. ISBN 0-19-577307-1.
Encyclopedias
[edit | edit source]- Robinson, C. F. "Uhud". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- Vacca, V. "Nadir, Banu-l". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
External links
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