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Betel nut chewing

From Wikipedia
Betel nut chewing
masticatory

Betel nut chewing, dem sanso call betel quid chewing anaa areca nut chewing, be a practice insyd wich areca nuts (dem sanso call "betel nuts") be chewed togeda plus slaked lime den betel leaves for dema stimulant den narcotic effects, de primary psychoactive compound be arecoline. De practice be widespread insyd Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Island Melanesia, den South Asia. E sanso be found among both Han Chinese immigrants den indigenous peoples of Taiwan, Madagascar, den parts of southern China. Na dem introduce am to de Caribbean insyd colonial times.[1][2]

De preparation dey combine de areca nut, slaked lime, den betel (Piper betle) leaves be known as a betel quid (dem sanso call paan anaa pan insyd South Asia), buh de exact composition of de mixture dey vary geographically.[3] E sam times fi include oda substances for flavoring den to freshen de breath, like coconut, dates, sugar, menthol, saffron, cloves, aniseed, cardamom, den chaw odas. De areca nut fi be replaced plus tobacco anaa dem chew de two togeda, wey de betel leaves fi be excluded. Insyd West Papua, de leaf fi be replaced plus stem den inflorescence of de Piper betle plant.[4] Dem no dey swallow de preparation buh dem dey spit am out after chewing. Chewing dey result in permanent red stains on de teeth after prolonged use. De spit from chewing betel nuts, wich sanso dey result in red stains, often be regarded as unhygienic den an eyesore insyd public facilities insyd certain countries.[1][5][6]

Betel nut chewing be addictive den dey cause adverse health effects, mainly oral den esophageal cancers, den cardiovascular disease.[1][6] Wen na dem chew am plus additional tobacco insyd ein preparation (like insyd gutka), der be an even higher risk, especially for oral den oropharyngeal cancers.[7] Plus tobacco e sanso dey raise de risk of fatal coronary artery disease, fatal stroke,[8][9] den adverse reproductive effects wey dey include stillbirth, premature birth den low birth weight.[10]

De practice of betel nut chewing dey originate from Southeast Asia wer de plant ingredients be native. Na dem find de oldest evidence of betel nut chewing insyd a burial pit insyd de Duyong Cave site of de Philippines, an area wer na areca palms be native, dem date to around 4,630±250 BP. Ein diffusion closely be tied to de Neolithic expansion of de Austronesian peoples. Na dem spread am to de Indo-Pacific during prehistoric times, wey e reach Micronesia at 3,500 to 3,000 BP, Near Oceania at 3,400 to 3,000 BP; South India den Sri Lanka by 3,500 BP; Mainland Southeast Asia by 3,000 to 2,500 BP; Northern India by 1500 BP; den Madagascar by 600 BP. From India na e spread westwards to Persia den de Mediterranean. Na e be present insyd de Lapita culture, based on archaeological remains dem date from 3,600 to 2,500 BP, buh na dem no carry am into Polynesia.[11]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 IARC Working Group. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines (PDF). The World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-832-1585-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  2. ↑ Song, Han; Wan, Yi; Xu, Yong-Yong (2013). "Betel Quid Chewing Without Tobacco – A Meta-analysis of Carcinogenic and Precarcinogenic Effects". Asia-Pac J Public Health. 27 (2): NP47 – NP57. doi:10.1177/1010539513486921. PMID 23666841. S2CID 21395319.
  3. ↑ Cirillo, Nicola; Duong, Peter Hung; Er, Wee Teng; Do, Casey Thao Nhi; De Silva, Manikkuwadura Eranda Harshan; Dong, Yining; Cheong, Sok Ching; Sari, Elizabeth Fitriana; McCullough, Michael J.; Zhang, Pangzhen; Prime, Stephen S. (2022-05-02). "Are There Betel Quid Mixtures Less Harmful than Others? A Scoping Review of the Association between Different Betel Quid Ingredients and the Risk of Oral Submucous Fibrosis". Biomolecules. 12 (5): 664. doi:10.3390/biom12050664. ISSN 2218-273X. PMC 9138976. PMID 35625592.
  4. ↑ Sari, Elizabeth Fitriana; Prayogo, Grace Puspita; Loo, Yit Tao; Zhang, Pangzhen; McCullough, Michael John; Cirillo, Nicola (2020-10-01). "Distinct phenolic, alkaloid and antioxidant profile in betel quids from four regions of Indonesia". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16254. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73337-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7529777. PMID 33004929.
  5. ↑ "PNGIndustryNews.net - Betel nut: underground economies". www.pngindustrynews.net. Archived from the original on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  6. 1 2 Risks of Betel Quid & Tobacco Use (PDF). Public Health Law Center, Tobacco Control Legal Consortium. July 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  7. ↑ Gormley, Mark; Creaney, Grant; Schache, Andrew; Ingarfield, Kate; Conway, David I. (2022-11-11). "Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors". British Dental Journal (in English). 233 (9): 780–786. doi:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x. ISSN 0007-0610. PMC 9652141. PMID 36369568.
  8. ↑ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016). "Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 23 (18): 1970–1981. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997.
  9. ↑ Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi (2019-01-01). "Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data". Nicotine & Tobacco Research (in English). 21 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1093/ntr/nty002. ISSN 1469-994X. PMC 6941711. PMID 29325111.
  10. ↑ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. (2016). "Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis" (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 23 (18): 1970–1981. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997.
  11. ↑ Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). "The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond". eJournal of Indian Medicine. 1: 87–140. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
[edit | edit source]
  • Nutritional composition of paan (archived 1 April 2011)
  • IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; International Agency for Research on Cancer (2004). Betel-quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 85. p. 2004. ISBN 978-92-832-1285-0.
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