Bradycardia
| Subclass of | heart arrhythmia, finding of heart rate  |
|---|---|
| Health specialty | cardiology |
| Drug or therapy used for treatment | oxtriphylline, aminophylline, dopamine, atropine, epinephrine |
| Get characteristic | abnormally low value |
| WordLift URL | http://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/types_of_bradycardia |
| Opposite of | tachycardia |
Bradycardia (from Ancient Greek βραδύς (bradús) 'slow' and καρδία (kardía) 'heart')[1], dem sanso call bradyarrhythmia, be a resting heart rate under 60 beats per minute (BPM).[2] While bradycardia fi result from various pathological processes, e be commonly a physiological response to cardiovascular conditioning anaa secof asymptomatic type 1 atrioventricular block.[2]
Resting heart rates of less dan 50 BPM often be normal during sleep insyd young den healthy adults den athletes.[3] Insyd large population studies of adults widout underlying heart disease, resting heart rates of 45–50 BPM appear to be de lower limits of normal, dependent on age den sex.[4][5] Bradycardia most likely be to be discovered insyd de elderly, as age den underlying cardiac disease progression contribute to ein development.[6]
Bradycardia fi be associated plus symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, confusion, den syncope secof reduced blood flow to de brain.[7] De types of symptoms often dey depend on de etiology of de slow heart rate, wey be classified by de anatomical location of a dysfunction within de cardiac conduction system.[3] Generally, dese classifications dey involve de broad categories of sinus node dysfunction (SND), atrioventricular block, den oda conduction tissue diseases.[6] However, bradycardia fi sanso result widout dysfunction of de conduction system, wey dey arise secondarily to medications, wey dey include beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, antiarrythmics, den oda cholinergic drugs. Excess vagus nerve activity anaa carotid sinus hypersensitivity be neurological causes of transient symptomatic bradycardia. Hypothyroidism den metabolic derangements be oda common extrinsic causes of bradycardia.[7]
De management of bradycardia generally be reserved give people plus symptoms, regardless of minimum heart rate during sleep anaa de presence of concomitant heart rhythm abnormalities (See: Sinus pause), wich be common plus dis condition.[7] Untreated sinus node dysfunction dey increase de risk of heart failure den syncope, sometimes warranting definitive treatment plus an implanted pacemaker.[8][6] Insyd atrioventricular causes of bradycardia, permanent pacemaker implantation often be required wen no reversible causes of disease be found.[7][3] Insyd both SND den atrioventricular blocks, der be little role give medical therapy unless a person be hemodynamically unstable, wich fi require de use of medications such as atropine den isoproterenol den interventions such as transcutaneous pacing til such time wey an appropriate workup fi be undertaken den long-term treatment dem select.[3] While asymptomatic bradycardias rarely dey require treatment, consultation plus a physician be recommended, especially insyd de elderly.
De term "relative bradycardia" fi refer to a heart rate lower dan expected insyd a particular disease state, often a febrile illness.[9] Chronotropic incompetence (CI) dey refer to an inadequate rise insyd heart rate during periods of increased demand, often secof exercise, wey e be an important sign of SND den an indication give pacemaker implantation.[3][6]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Prutchi, David (2005). Design and Development of Medical Electronic Instrumentation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 371. ISBN 9780471681830.
- 1 2 Hafeez Y, Grossman SA (2021-08-09). "Sinus bradycardia". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29630253. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Patterson KK, Olgin JE (2022). "Bradyarrhythmias and Atrioventricular Block". Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine (in English) (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 1312–1320. ISBN 978-0-323-82467-5.
- ↑ Rijnbeek PR, van Herpen G, Bots ML, Man S, Verweij N, Hofman A, Hillege H, Numans ME, Swenne CA, Witteman JC, Kors JA (2014). "Normal values of the electrocardiogram for ages 16-90 years". Journal of Electrocardiology. 47 (6): 914–921. doi:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.07.022. hdl:1887/117357. PMID 25194872.
- ↑ Rijnbeek PR (2012). "Normal ECG values". Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- 1 2 3 4 Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, Edgerton JR, Ellenbogen KA, Gold MR, Goldschlager NF, Hamilton RM, Joglar JA, Kim RJ, Lee R, Marine JE, McLeod CJ, Oken KR, Patton KK, Pellegrini CN, Selzman KA, Thompson A, Varosy PD (August 2019). "2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. 140 (8): e382 – e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628. PMID 30586772.
- 1 2 3 4 Sidhu S, Marine JE (July 2020). "Evaluating and managing bradycardia". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 30 (5): 265–272. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.07.001. PMID 31311698.
- ↑ Menozzi C, Brignole M, Alboni P, Boni L, Paparella N, Gaggioli G, Lolli G (November 1998). "The natural course of untreated sick sinus syndrome and identification of the variables predictive of unfavorable outcome". The American Journal of Cardiology. 82 (10): 1205–1209. doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00605-5. PMID 9832095.
- ↑ Ye F, Hatahet M, Youniss MA, Toklu HZ, Mazza JJ, Yale S (June 2018). "The Clinical Significance of Relative Bradycardia". WMJ. 117 (2): 73–78. PMID 30048576.
External links
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