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Bupropion

From Wikipedia
bupropion
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofchemical compound Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stylized namebuPROPion Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₃H₁₈ClNO Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(C(=O)C1=CC(=CC=C1)Cl)NC(C)(C)C Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namebupropion Edit
Medical condition treatedattention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurotic disorder, nicotine dependence, anxiety, major depressive disorder Edit
Physically dey interact plussolute carrier family 6 member 3, Solute carrier family 6 member 2 Edit
Route of administrationoral administration, inhalation administration, intravenous infusion and defusion Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category B2, US pregnancy category C Edit
LiverTox likelihood scoreLiverTox toxicity likelihood category C Edit

Bupropion, dem formerly call amfebutamone,[1] wey na dem sell am under de brand name Wellbutrin among odas, be an atypical antidepressant wey na dem indicate am insyd de treatment of major depressive disorder den seasonal affective disorder den to support smoking cessation.[2][3] A norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), e sanso be popular as an add-on medication insyd de cases of "incomplete response" to de first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.[3][4] Bupropion get chaw features wey dey distinguish am from oda antidepressants: E usually no dey cause sexual dysfunction,[3] e no be associated plus weight gain[3] den sleepiness,[5] wey e be more effective dan SSRIs at improving symptoms of hypersomnia den fatigue.[6] Bupropion, particularly de immediate-release formulation, dey carry a higher risk of seizure dan chaw oda antidepressants; hence, caution be recommended insyd patients plus a history of seizure disorder.[7] Dem dey take de medication by mouth.[8][9]

Common adverse effects of bupropion plus de greatest difference from placebo be dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, den excessive sweating.[10] Raised blood pressure be notable.[11] Rare buh serious side effects dey include seizures,[10] liver toxicity,[12] psychosis,[13] den risk of overdose.[14] Bupropion use during pregnancy fi be associated plus increased likelihood of congenital heart defects.[15]

Bupropion dey act as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) den a nicotinic receptor antagonist.[8] However, ein effects on dopamine be weak den clinical significance be contentious.[16][17][18][19][20] Chemically, bupropion be an aminoketone wey dey belong to de class of substituted cathinones den more generally dat of substituted amphetamines den substituted phenethylamines.[21][22]

Na Nariman Mehta, wey work at Burroughs Wellcome, insyd 1969 invent bupropion.[23] Na dem first approve am for medical use insyd de United States insyd 1985.[24] Na dem originally call Bupropion by de generic name amfebutamone, before na dem rename am insyd 2000.[25] Insyd 2023, na e be de seventeenth most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States den de third most common antidepressant, plus more dan 30 million prescriptions.[26][27] E be on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[28] Insyd 2022, na de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approve de combination dextromethorphan/bupropion to serve as a rapid-acting antidepressant insyd patients plus major depressive disorder.[29]

References

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  1. ↑ World Health Organization (2000). "International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN) : proposed international nonproprietary names: list 83". WHO Drug Information. 14 (2). hdl:10665/58135.
  2. ↑ Sweetman S (2011). Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (37th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 402. ISBN 978-0-85369-982-8.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Patel K, Allen S, Haque MN, Angelescu I, Baumeister D, Tracy DK (April 2016). "Bupropion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness as an antidepressant". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 6 (2): 99–144. doi:10.1177/2045125316629071. PMC 4837968. PMID 27141292.
  4. ↑ Arandjelovic K, Eyre HA, Lavretsky H (October 2016). "Clinicians' Views on Treatment-Resistant Depression: 2016 Survey Reports". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 24 (10): 913–917. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.010. PMC 5540329. PMID 27591914.
  5. ↑ Dhillon S, Yang LP, Curran MP (2008). "Bupropion: a review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder". Drugs. 68 (5): 653–689. doi:10.2165/00003495-200868050-00011. PMID 18370448. S2CID 195687060.
  6. ↑ Baldwin DS, Papakostas GI (2006). "Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 67 (Suppl 6): 9–15. PMID 16848671.
  7. ↑ Steinert T, Fröscher W (July 2018). "Epileptic Seizures Under Antidepressive Drug Treatment: Systematic Review". Pharmacopsychiatry. 51 (4): 121–135. doi:10.1055/s-0043-117962. PMID 28850959. S2CID 22436728.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Costa R, Oliveira NG, Dinis-Oliveira RJ (August 2019). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 51 (3): 293–313. doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1620763. PMID 31124380. S2CID 163167323.
  9. ↑ Fava M, Rush AJ, Thase ME, Clayton A, Stahl SM, Pradko JF, Johnston JA (2005). "15 years of clinical experience with bupropion HCl: from bupropion to bupropion SR to bupropion XL". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 7 (3): 106–113. doi:10.4088/pcc.v07n0305. PMC 1163271. PMID 16027765.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Wellbutrin SR – bupropion hydrochloride tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  11. ↑ Wilens TE, Hammerness PG, Biederman J, Kwon A, Spencer TJ, Clark S, Scott M, Podolski A, Ditterline JW, Morris MC, Moore H (February 2005). "Blood pressure changes associated with medication treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 66 (2): 253–259. doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0215. PMID 15705013.
  12. ↑ Voican CS, Corruble E, Naveau S, Perlemuter G (April 2014). "Antidepressant-induced liver injury: a review for clinicians". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (4): 404–415. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13050709. PMID 24362450.
  13. ↑ Kumar S, Kodela S, Detweiler JG, Kim KY, Detweiler MB (November–December 2011). "Bupropion-induced psychosis: folklore or a fact? A systematic review of the literature". General Hospital Psychiatry. 33 (6): 612–617. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.07.001. PMID 21872337.
  14. ↑ Nelson JC, Spyker DA (May 2017). "Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Medications Used in the Treatment of Depression: An Analysis of Cases Reported to U.S. Poison Control Centers, 2000–2014". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 174 (5): 438–450. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050523. PMID 28135844.
  15. ↑ De Vries C, Gadzhanova S, Sykes MJ, Ward M, Roughead E (March 2021). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Considering the Risk for Congenital Heart Defects of Antidepressant Classes and Individual Antidepressants". Drug Safety. 44 (3): 291–312. doi:10.1007/s40264-020-01027-x. PMID 33354752. S2CID 229357583. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  16. ↑ Eap CB, Gründer G, Baumann P, Ansermot N, Conca A, Corruble E, Crettol S, Dahl ML, de Leon J, Greiner C, Howes O, Kim E, Lanzenberger R, Meyer JH, Moessner R, Mulder H, Müller DJ, Reis M, Riederer P, Ruhe HG, Spigset O, Spina E, Stegman B, Steimer W, Stingl J, Suzen S, Uchida H, Unterecker S, Vandenberghe F, Hiemke C (October 2021). "Tools for optimising pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants" (PDF). The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 22 (8): 561–628. doi:10.1080/15622975.2021.1878427. PMID 33977870. S2CID 234472488. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  17. ↑ Carroll FI, Blough BE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Lukas RJ, Damaj MI (2014). "Bupropion and bupropion analogs as treatments for CNS disorders". Emerging Targets & Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse. Advances in Pharmacology. Vol. 69. Academic Press. pp. 177–216. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00005-6. ISBN 978-0-12-420118-7. PMID 24484978.
  18. ↑ Verbeeck W, Bekkering GE, Van den Noortgate W, Kramers C (October 2017). "Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (10) CD009504. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009504.pub2. PMC 6485546. PMID 28965364.
  19. ↑ DeBattista C (16 June 2022). "Other Antidepressants: Bupropion, Mirtazapine, and Trazodone". In Nemeroff CB, Schatzberg AF, Rasgon N, Strakowski SM (eds.). The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders, Second Edition. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 365–374. ISBN 978-1-61537-331-4. OCLC 1249799493. Archived from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  20. ↑ Gautam M, Patel S, Zarkowski P (January 2022). "Practice patterns of bupropion co-prescription with antipsychotic medications". J Addict Dis. 40 (4): 481–488. doi:10.1080/10550887.2022.2028531. PMID 35068363. S2CID 246238087.
  21. ↑ "Bupropion". PubChem. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  22. ↑ Dye LR, Murphy C, Calello DP, Levine MD, Skolnik A (2017). Case Studies in Medical Toxicology: From the American College of Medical Toxicology. Springer. p. 85. ISBN 978-3-319-56449-4. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  23. ↑ Mehta NB (25 June 1974). "United States Patent 3,819,706: Meta-chloro substituted α-butylamino-propiophenones". USPTO. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  24. ↑ "Wellbutrin approval package" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 December 1985. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  25. ↑ World Health Organization (2000). "International nonproprietary names for pharmaceutical substances (INN) : proposed international nonproprietary names: list 83". WHO Drug Information. 14 (2). hdl:10665/58135.
  26. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  27. ↑ "Bupropion Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  28. ↑ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  29. ↑ Majeed A, Xiong J, Teopiz KM, Ng J, Ho R, Rosenblat JD, Phan L, Cao B, McIntyre RS (March 2021). "Efficacy of dextromethorphan for the treatment of depression: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical trials". Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 26 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1080/14728214.2021.1898588. PMID 33682569. S2CID 232141396.
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