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Burr hole

From Wikipedia
Burr hole
surgical operation, alternative medicine
Subclass ofsurgical procedure Edit

Trepanning, dem sanso know as trepanation, trephination, trephining anaa dey make a burr hole (de verb trepan dey derive from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trúpanon, literally "borer, auger"),[1][2] be a surgical intervention insyd wich a hole be drilled anaa scraped into de human skull. Dis procedure be one of de oldest surgical procedures to occur. Priests be de ones wey mainly dey perform trepanation. Those wey be involved insyd trephining sam times be called "medicine men". Dis group use materials such as stone, obsidian, bronze, anaa bone shaped into hand-held tools.[3] De intentional perforation of de cranium dey expose de dura mater to treat health problems dem relate to intracranial diseases anaa release pressured blood buildup from an injury. E sanso fi refer to any "burr" hole dem create thru oda body surfaces, wey dey include nail beds. De process to identify trepanation be thru identification of a hole insyd de skull. De shape of de hole, cutting edges, den de healing process wey be from de procedure sanso dey help archeologists identify a trephined skull.[4] A trephine be an instrument dem use for cutting out a round piece of skull bone to relieve pressure beneath a surface.[5]

Trepanning sometimes be performed on people wey na dem dey behave insyd a manner wey be considered abnormal. Insyd sam ancient societies e be believed dis release de evil spirits wey na dem blame.[6] Evidence of trepanation be found insyd prehistoric human remains from Neolithic times onward. During dat time, trephined skulls commonly be found insyd central Europe. After de Neolithic era, trephined skulls cam be less common secof de increased use of cremation.[7] De bone wey na dem trepan de prehistoric people keep wey e fi be worn as a charm to keep evil spirits away. Evidence sanso suggest say trepanation be primitive emergency surgery after head wounds[8] make dem komot shattered bits of bone from a fractured skull den clean out de blood wey often dey pool under de skull after a blow to de head. Dem sanso use trephination for de purposes of removing splinters from head wounds den cranial decompression.[7] Hunting accidents, falls, wild animals, den weapons such as clubs anaa spears fi cause such injuries. War injuries such as a bullet wound fi mimic a trephined skull.[4] Trepanations appear dem be most common insyd areas wer weapons wey fi produce skull fractures be used.[9] De primary theories give de practice of trepanation insyd ancient times dey include spiritual purposes den treatment give epilepsy, head wounds, mental disorders, den headaches, although de latter fi be just an unfounded myth.[10][11] Studies dey show say na dem use trepanation on individuals wey na dem diagnose plus epilepsy, scurvy, frontal sinustis, intracranial disorders, diseases, hydrocephaly, den osteitis.[12]

Insyd modern eye surgery, a trephine instrument be used insyd corneal transplant surgery. De procedure of drilling a hole thru a fingernail anaa toenail sanso be known as trephination. E be performed by a physician anaa surgeon to relieve de pain dem associate plus a subungual hematoma (blood under de nail); a small amount of blood be expressed thru de hole den de pain dem associate plus de pressure partially be alleviated. Similarly, insyd abdominal surgery, a trephine incision be wen a small disc of abdominal skin be excised to accommodate a stoma. Although de abdominal wall no dey contain bone, de use of de word trephine insyd dis context fi relate to de round excised area of skin be similar in shape to a burr hole.

References

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  1. ↑ "Trepan - Etymology, Origin & Meaning". etymonline (in American English). Retrieved 2026-07-26.
  2. ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, τρύπα^ν-ον". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2026-07-26.
  3. ↑ Espino, Poul H; Toro-Perez, Juan E; Shkrum, Stephanie; Burneo, Jorge G (2022-07-27). "Cranial trepanation in pre-Columbian Peruvian cultures: was it an option to treat epilepsy?". Brain. 145 (10): 3335–3338. doi:10.1093/brain/awac277. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 35895509.
  4. 1 2 Dobanovacki, Dusanka; Milovanovic, Ljiljana; Slavkovic, Andjelka; Tatic, Milanka; Miskovic, Skeledzija; Skoric-Jokic, Svetlana; Pecanac, Marija (2012). "Surgery before common era (B.C.E.)". Archive of Oncology. 20 (1–2): 28–35. doi:10.2298/aoo1202028d. ISSN 0354-7310.
  5. ↑ Backhouse, Sarah (2013-10-25). "A hole in the head | RCP Museum". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  6. ↑ Nolen-Hoeksema (2014). Abnormal Psychology (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
  7. 1 2 Alfieri, Alex; Strauss, Christian; Meller, Harald; Stoll-Tucker, Bettina; Tacik, Pawel; Brandt, Silvio (April 2012). "The Woman of Pritschoena: An Example of the German Neolithic Neurosurgery in Saxony-Anhalt". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 21 (2): 139–146. doi:10.1080/0964704x.2011.575117. ISSN 0964-704X. PMID 22428736.
  8. ↑ Weber, J.; A. Czarnetzki (2001). "Trepanationen im frühen Mittelalter im Südwesten von Deutschland – Indikationen, Komplikationen und Outcome". Zentralblatt für Neurochirurgie (in German). 62 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1055/s-2001-16333. PMID 11496341. S2CID 71480502.
  9. ↑ Rogers, Spencer (1985). Primitive Surgery: Skills Before Science. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 17-18. ISBN 0-398-05123-2.
  10. ↑ Faria, Miguel A. (2013-04-05). "Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy". Surgical Neurology International. 4: 49. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.110146. ISSN 2229-5097. PMC 3640229. PMID 23646259.
  11. ↑ Butticè, Claudio (April 2022). What you need to know about headaches. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-4408-7531-1. OCLC 1259297708.
  12. ↑ Kalisher, Rachel E.; Cradic, Melissa S.; Adams, Matthew J.; Martin, Mario A. S.; Finkelstein, Israel (2025-12-31), "Chapter 5 Cranial Trephination and Infectious Disease in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Evidence from Two Elite Brothers from Late Bronze Megiddo", Megiddo VII, Penn State University Press, pp. 97–114, doi:10.1515/9781646023264-005, ISBN 978-1-64602-326-4, retrieved 2026-04-29
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