Cancer

Cancer
Cancer
Other names	Malignant tumor, malignant neoplasm
	A coronal CT scan wey dey show a malignant mesothelioma; Legend: → tumor ←, ✱ central pleural effusion, 1 & 3 lungs, 2 spine, 4 ribs, 5 aorta, 6 spleen, 7 & 8 kidneys, 9 liver
Specialty	Oncology
Symptoms	Lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, change insyd bowel movements
Risk factors	Exposure to carcinogens, tobacco, obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol, certain infections
Treatment	Radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy
Prognosis	Average five-year survival 66% (USA)
Frequency	24 million annually (2019)
Deaths	10 million annually (2019)

Cancer be a group of diseases wey dey involve abnormal cell growth plus de potential make dem invade anaa spread to oda parts of de body.^[2]^[3] Dese contrast plus benign tumors, wich no dey spread.^[3] Possible signs den symptoms dey include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, den a change insyd bowel movements.^[4] While dese symptoms fi indicate cancer, dem sanso get oda causes.^[4] Over 100 types of cancers dey affect humans.^[3]

Tobacco use be de cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.^[5] Anoda 10% be secof obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity anaa excessive alcohol consumption.^[5]^[6]^[7] Oda factors dey include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, den environmental pollutants.^[8] Infection plus specific viruses, bacteria den parasites be an environmental factor wey dey cause approximately 16–18% of cancers worldwide.^[9] Dese infectious agents dey include Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus den Merkel cell polyomavirus. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) no dey directly cause cancer buh e dey cause immune deficiency wey fi magnify de risk secof oda infections, sometimes up to chaw thousandfold (insyd de case of Kaposi's sarcoma). Importantly, na vaccination against hepatitis B den human papillomavirus show make e nearly eliminate de risk of cancers wey be caused by dese viruses for persons wey successfully vaccinate prior to infection.

De most common types of cancer insyd males be lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, den stomach cancer.^[10]^[11] Insyd females, de most common types be breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, den cervical cancer.^[10]^[11] If na skin cancer oda dan melanoma be included insyd total new cancer cases each year, e go account for around 40% of cases.^[12]^[13] Insyd kiddies, acute lymphoblastic leukemia den brain tumors be most common, except insyd Africa, wer non-Hodgkin lymphoma dey occur more often.^[14] Insyd 2012, na dem diagnose about 165,000 kiddies under 15 years of age plus cancer.^[10] De risk of cancer dey increase significantly plus age, wey chaw cancers dey occur more commonly insyd developed countries.^[10] Rates dey increase as more people dey live to an old age den as lifestyle changes dey occur insyd de developing world.^[15] Na de global total economic costs of cancer be estimated for US$1.16 trillion (equivalent to $1.67 trillion insyd 2024) per year as of 2010.^[16]