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Carbon monoxide poisoning

From Wikipedia
carbon monoxide poisoning
Subclass ofintoxication, chemical hazard Edit
Get usecharcoal-burning suicide Edit
Has causecarbon monoxide Edit
Health specialtyemergency medicine Edit
First aid measuresartificial respiration, eye frostbite protocol, skin frostbite protocol, move to fresh air Edit
Route of administrationinhalation administration, eye contact, skin absorption Edit
Usescarboxyhemoglobin Edit
Handled, mitigated, or managed bycarbon monoxide detector, ventilation, exhaust system Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/carbon_monoxide_poisoning Edit

Carbon monoxide poisoning typically dey occur from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels.[1] Symptoms often be described as "flu-like" den commonly dey include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, den confusion.[2] Large exposures fi result in loss of consciousness, arrhythmias, seizures, anaa death.[2][3] De classically described "cherry red skin" rarely dey occur.[3] Long-term complications fi include chronic fatigue, trouble plus memory, den movement problems.[4] According to de Threshold Limit Value – Time Weighted Average, humans dey tolerate 25 mL of CO/m3 for 8 hours/day for 40 hour work week.[5]

CO be a colorless den odorless gas wich be initially non-irritating.[4] E be produced during incomplete burning of organic matter.[4] Dis fi occur in cooking equipment, motor vehicles, anaa heaters wich use carbon-based fuels.[2] Carbon monoxide primarily dey cause adverse effects by combining plus hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (symbol COHb anaa HbCO), wich dey prevent de blood from carrying oxygen den expelling carbon dioxide as carbaminohemoglobin.[4] Additionally, chaw oda hemoproteins such as myoglobin, Cytochrome P450, den mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase be affected, along plus oda metallic den non-metallic cellular targets.[3][6]

Diagnosis typically be based on a HbCO level of more dan 3% among nonsmokers den more dan 10% among smokers.[3] De biological threshold give carboxyhemoglobin tolerance typically be accepted to be 15% COHb, wey dey mean toxicity consistently be observed at levels in excess of dis concentration.[7] De FDA previously set a threshold of 14% COHb insyd certain clinical trials wey dey evaluate de therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide.[8] In general, 30% COHb be considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning.[9] Na de highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level be 73% COHb.[9]

Efforts to prevent poisoning dey include carbon monoxide detectors, proper venting of gas appliances, keeping chimneys clean, den keeping exhaust systems of vehicles in good repair.[2] Treatment of poisoning generally dey consist of giving 100% oxygen along plus supportive care.[3][4] Dis procedure often be carried out til symptoms be absent wey de HbCO level be less dan 3%/10%.[3]

Carbon monoxide poisoning be relatively common, wey dey result in more dan 20,000 emergency room visits a year insyd de United States.[2][10] E be de most common type of fatal poisoning insyd chaw countries.[11] Insyd de United States, non-fire related cases result in more dan 400 deaths a year.[2] Poisonings dey occur more often insyd de winter, particularly from de use of portable generators during power outages.[3][12] De toxic effects of CO be known since ancient history.[9][13] De discovery say hemoglobin be affected by CO emerge plus an investigation by James Watt den Thomas Beddoes into de therapeutic potential of hydrocarbonate insyd 1793, wey later confirmed by Claude Bernard between 1846 den 1857.[9]

References

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  1. ↑ Schottke D (2016). Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care (in English). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-284-10727-2. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Center for Environmental Health (30 December 2015). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions". www.cdc.gov (in American English). Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Guzman JA (October 2012). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4): 537–48. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007. PMID 22998990.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Bleecker ML (2015). "Carbon monoxide intoxication". Occupational Neurology. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 131. pp. 191–203. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X. ISBN 978-0-444-62627-1. PMID 26563790.
  5. ↑ Bierhals, Jürgen (2001). "Carbon Monoxide". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_203. ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4.
  6. ↑ Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, et al. (December 2020). "Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication". Chemical Reviews. 120 (24): 13273–13311. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586. PMID 33089988. S2CID 224824871.
  7. ↑ Motterlini R, Foresti R (March 2017). "Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 312 (3): C302 – C313. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2016. PMID 28077358.
  8. ↑ Yang X, de Caestecker M, Otterbein LE, Wang B (July 2020). "Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury". Medicinal Research Reviews. 40 (4): 1147–1177. doi:10.1002/med.21650. PMC 7280078. PMID 31820474.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Hopper CP, Zambrana PN, Goebel U, Wollborn J (June 2021). "A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins". Nitric Oxide. 111–112: 45–63. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001. PMID 33838343.
  10. ↑ Penney DG (2007). Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (in English). CRC Press. p. 569. ISBN 978-0-8493-8418-9. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  11. ↑ Omaye ST (November 2002). "Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity". Toxicology. 180 (2): 139–50. Bibcode:2002Toxgy.180..139O. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6. PMID 12324190.
  12. ↑ Ferri FF (2016). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 (in English). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 227–28. ISBN 978-0-323-44838-3. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  13. ↑ Blumenthal I (June 2001). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 94 (6): 270–2. doi:10.1177/014107680109400604. PMC 1281520. PMID 11387414.
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