Cardiac arrest

thoracic disease, cause of death, class of disease
Subclass of	congestive heart failure, disease
Health specialty	cardiology, emergency medicine
Symptoms and signs	heart failure, unconsciousness
First aid measures	cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Genetic association	AKAP10
ICD-9-CM	427.5
NCI Thesaurus ID	C50479, C50483, C50911

Cardiac arrest (dem sanso know as sudden cardiac arrest [SCA]^[1]) be a condition insyd wich de heart suddenly den unexpectedly stop dey beat.^[2]^[3] Wen de heart stop, blood no fi circulate properly thru de body den de blood flow to de brain den oda organs decrease. Wen de brain no dey receive enough blood, dis fi cause a person to lose consciousness den brain cells begin to die within minutes secof lack of oxygen.^[4] Coma den persistent vegetative state fi result from cardiac arrest. Dem typically identify cardiac arrest by de absence of a central pulse den abnormal anaa absent breathing.^[3]

Cardiac arrest den resultant hemodynamic collapse often dey occur secof arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms). Ventricular fibrillation den ventricular tachycardia be most commonly recorded.^[5] However, as chaw incidents of cardiac arrest dey occur out-of-hospital anaa wen na a person no get dema cardiac activity monitored e be difficult to identify de specific mechanism insyd each case.

Structural heart disease, such as coronary artery disease, be a common underlying condition insyd people wey dey experience cardiac arrest. De most common risk factors dey include age den cardiovascular disease.^[6] Additional underlying cardiac conditions dey include heart failure den inherited arrhythmias. Additional factors wey fi contribute to cardiac arrest dey include major blood loss, lack of oxygen, electrolyte disturbance (such as very low potassium), electrical injury, den intense physical exercise.^[7]

Cardiac arrest be diagnosed by de inability to find a pulse insyd an unresponsive patient.^[3] De goal of treatment for cardiac arrest be to rapidly achieve return of spontaneous circulation wey dey use a variety of interventions wey dey include CPR, defibrillation anaa cardiac pacing. Na dem establish two protocols give CPR: basic life support (BLS) den advanced cardiac life support (ACLS).^[8]

If na dem achieve return of spontaneous circulation plus dese interventions, then sudden cardiac arrest occur. By contrast, if de person no survive de event, dis be referred to as sudden cardiac death. Among those wey dem re-establish dema pulses, de care team fi initiate measures to protect de person from brain injury den preserve neurological function.^[9] Sam methods fi include airway management den mechanical ventilation, maintenance of blood pressure den end-organ perfusion via fluid resuscitation den vasopressor support, correction of electrolyte imbalance, EKG monitoring den management of reversible causes, den temperature management. Targeted temperature management fi improve outcomes.^[10]^[11] Insyd post-resuscitation care, dem fi consider an implantable cardiac defibrillator to reduce de chance of death from recurrence.^[12]

Per de 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines, na der be approximately 535,000 incidents of cardiac arrest annually insyd de United States (about 13 per 10,000 people).^[13] Of these, na 326,000 (61%) experience cardiac arrest outsyd of a hospital setting, while 209,000 (39%) occur within a hospital.^[13]

Cardiac arrest cam be more common plus age den dey affect males more often dan females.^[14] Insyd de United States, black people be twice as likely to die from cardiac arrest as white people. Asian den Hispanic people no be as frequently affected as white people.^[14]