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Cardiovascular disease

From Wikipedia
cardiovascular disease
academic discipline, type of disease
Subclass ofdisease of anatomical entity Edit
Health specialtycardiology Edit
Symptoms and signschest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, unconsciousness Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentcholecalciferol Edit
Anatomical locationcardiovascular system Edit
Risk factorsmoking Edit
ICD-9-CM429.2 Edit

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) be any disease wey dey involve de heart anaa blood vessels.[1] CVDs dey include coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, den venous thrombosis.[1][2]

De underlying mechanisms dey vary wey dey depend on de disease.[1] E be estimated say dietary risk factors be associated plus 53% of CVD deaths.[3] Coronary artery disease, stroke, den peripheral artery disease dey involve atherosclerosis.[1] Dis fi be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,[1] den poor sleep,[4][5] among oda things. High blood pressure be estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco dey account for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, den obesity 5%.[1] Rheumatic heart disease fi follow untreated strep throat.[1]

E be estimated say up to 90% of CVD fi be preventable.[6][7] Prevention of CVD dey involve improving risk factors thru: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke den limiting alcohol intake.[1] Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids den diabetes sanso be beneficial.[1] Treating people wey get strep throat plus antibiotics fi decrease de risk of rheumatic heart disease.[8] De use of aspirin insyd people wey be otherwise healthy be of unclear benefit.[9][10]

Cardiovascular diseases be de leading cause of death worldwide except Africa.[1] Togeda CVD result in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) insyd 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) insyd 1990.[11][12] Deaths, at a given age, from CVD be more common wey e dey increase insyd much of de developing world, while rates decline insyd chaw of de developed world since de 1970s.[13][14] Coronary artery disease den stroke dey account for 80% of CVD deaths insyd males den 75% of CVD deaths insyd females.[1]

Chaw cardiovascular disease dey affect older adults. Insyd high income countries, de mean age at first cardiovascular disease diagnosis dey lie around 70 years (73 years insyd women, 68 years insyd men).[15] Insyd de United States 11% of people between 20 den 40 get CVD, while 37% between 40 den 60, 71% of people between 60 den 80, den 85% of people over 80 get CVD.[16] De average age of death from coronary artery disease insyd de developed world dey around 80, while e dey around 68 insyd de developing world.[13]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B (2011). Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control (PDF). World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3–18. ISBN 978-92-4-156437-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-08-17.
  2. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  3. ↑ Petersen, Kristina S.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M. (2021-11-28). "Diet quality assessment and the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk". Nutrients. 13 (12): 4305. doi:10.3390/nu13124305. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 8706326. PMID 34959857.
  4. ↑ Jackson CL, Redline S, Emmons KM (March 2015). "Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health". Annual Review of Public Health. 36 (1): 417–40. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838. PMC 4736723. PMID 25785893.
  5. ↑ Wang R, Dong Y, Weng J, Kontos EZ, Chervin RD, Rosen CL, Marcus CL, Redline S (January 2017). "Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis". Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 14 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201609-662OC. PMC 5291481. PMID 27768852.
  6. ↑ McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS (March 2008). "Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study". Circulation. 117 (9): 1216–27. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033. PMID 18316498.
  7. ↑ O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Damasceno A, Langhorne P, McQueen MJ, Rosengren A, Dehghan M, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Elsayed A, Avezum A, Mondo C, Diener HC, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Pogosova N, Weimar C, Iqbal R, Diaz R, Yusoff K, Yusufali A, Oguz A, Wang X, Penaherrera E, Lanas F, Ogah OS, Ogunniyi A, Iversen HK, Malaga G, Rumboldt Z, Oveisgharan S, Al Hussain F, Magazi D, Nilanont Y, Ferguson J, Pare G, Yusuf S (August 2016). "Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study". Lancet. 388 (10046): 761–75. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2. PMID 27431356. S2CID 39752176.
  8. ↑ Spinks, Anneliese; Glasziou, Paul P.; Del Mar, Chris B. (2021-12-09). "Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2021 (12) CD000023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 8655103. PMID 34881426.
  9. ↑ Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Stranges S, Clarke A (2013). "Aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review of the balance of evidence from reviews of randomized trials". PLOS ONE. 8 (12) e81970. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881970S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081970. PMC 3855368. PMID 24339983.
  10. ↑ Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Clarke A (September 2013). "Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews". Health Technology Assessment. 17 (43): 1–253. doi:10.3310/hta17430. PMC 4781046. PMID 24074752.
  11. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  12. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  13. 1 2 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2010). "Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease". In Fuster V, Kelly BB (eds.). Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: a critical challenge to achieve global health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-14774-3. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  14. ↑ Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M (April 2014). "Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study". Circulation. 129 (14): 1483–92. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042. PMC 4181359. PMID 24573352.
  15. ↑ Conrad, Nathalie; Molenberghs, Geert; Verbeke, Geert; Zaccardi, Francesco; Lawson, Claire; Friday, Jocelyn M; Su, Huimin; Jhund, Pardeep S; Sattar, Naveed; Rahimi, Kazem; Cleland, John G; Khunti, Kamlesh; Budts, Werner; McMurray, John J V (26 June 2024). "Trends in cardiovascular disease incidence among 22 million people in the UK over 20 years: population based study". BMJ. 385 e078523. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-078523. PMC 11203392. PMID 38925788.
  16. ↑ Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Magid D, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Schreiner PJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB (January 2013). "Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association". Circulation. 127 (1): e6 – e245. Bibcode:2013Circu.127124adG. doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad. PMC 5408511. PMID 23239837.
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