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Chagas disease

From Wikipedia
Chagas disease
type of disease
Subclass oftrypanosomiasis, endemic disease Edit
Dem name afterCarlos Chagas Edit
Has causeTrypanosoma cruzi Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases, parasitology Edit
Medical examinationphysical examination, optical microscope Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentbenznidazole, nifurtimox Edit
Disease transmission processinsect borne transmission Edit
ICD-9-CM086.2 Edit

Chagas disease, dem sanso know as American trypanosomiasis, be a tropical parasitic disease wey Trypanosoma cruzi cause. E mostly be spread by insects insyd de subfamily Triatominae, dem know as "kissing bugs". De symptoms change thru out de infection. Insyd de early stage, symptoms be typically either no be present anaa mild den fi include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, anaa swelling at de site of de bite.[1] After four to eight weeks, untreated individuals enter de chronic phase of disease, wich insyd most cases no dey result in further symptoms.[2][3] Up to 45% of people plus chronic infections develop heart disease 10–30 years after de initial illness, wich fi lead to heart failure. Digestive complications, wey dey include an enlarged esophagus anaa an enlarged colon, sanso fi occur insyd up to 21% of people, den up to 10% of people fi experience nerve damage.[2]

T. cruzi commonly be spread to humans den oda mammals by de kissing bug's bite wound den infected feces.[4] De disease sanso fi be spread thru blood transfusion, organ transplantation, consuming food anaa drink contaminated plus de parasites, den vertical transmission (from a mommie to ein baby).[1] Diagnosis of early disease be by finding de parasite insyd de blood using a microscope anaa detecting ein DNA by polymerase chain reaction.[3] Chronic disease be diagnosed by finding antibodies for T. cruzi insyd de blood.[5]

Prevention dey focus on eliminating kissing bugs den avoiding dema bites.[1] Dis fi involve de use of insecticides anaa bed-nets.[6] Oda preventive efforts dey include screening blood used for transfusions. Early infections be treatable plus de medications benznidazole anaa nifurtimox, wich usually cure de disease if given shortly after de person be infected, buh cam be less effective de longer a person get Chagas disease. Wen dem use insyd chronic disease, medication fi delay anaa prevent de development of end-stage symptoms. Benznidazole den nifurtimox often cause side effects, wey dey include skin disorders, digestive system irritation, den neurological symptoms, wich fi result in treatment being discontinued.[2][7] New drugs for Chagas disease be under development,[8] den while experimental vaccines be studied insyd animal models,[9][10] dem no develop a human vaccine develop.

E be estimated say 6.5 million people, mostly insyd Mexico, Central America den South America, get Chagas disease as of 2019,[1][11] wey dey result in approximately 9,490 annual deaths.[11] Most people plus de disease be poor,[12] wey most no realize dem be infected.[13] Large-scale population migrations carry Chagas disease to new regions, wich include de United States den chaw European countries.[1] De disease dey affect more dan 150 types of animals.[14] From 2000–2018, na dem report 29 confirmed locally-acquired cases of Chagas disease insyd eight US states, wey dey lead to calls to reclassify Chagas as endemic to de US.[15]

De disease first be described insyd 1909 by Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, after whom dem name.[1] Chagas disease be classified as a neglected tropical disease.[16]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)". World Health Organization. 17 April 2019. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (2018). "Chagas disease". The Lancet. 391 (10115): 82–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 28673423. S2CID 4514617.
  3. 1 2 Bern C (July 2015). "Chagas' disease". N. Engl. J. Med. (Review). 373 (5): 456–66. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1410150. PMID 26222561.
  4. ↑ "DPDx – Trypanosomiasis, American. Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  5. ↑ Guarner J (May 2019). "Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite". Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 36 (3): 164–9. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.008. PMID 31006555.
  6. ↑ "Prevention of Chagas disease". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  7. ↑ Santi AM, Murta SM (2022). "Antioxidant defence system as a rational target for Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis chemotherapy". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 117 e210401. doi:10.1590/0074-02760210401. PMC 8896756. PMID 35239945.
  8. ↑ Porta EO, Kalesh K, Steel PG (2023). "Navigating drug repurposing for Chagas disease: advances, challenges, and opportunities". Front Pharmacol. 14 1233253. doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1233253. PMC 10416112. PMID 37576826.
  9. ↑ Rios LE, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Pacheco AO, Zago MP, Garg NJ (2019). "Immunity and vaccine development efforts against Trypanosoma cruzi". Acta Tropica. 200 105168. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105168. ISSN 0001-706X. PMC 7409534. PMID 31513763.
  10. ↑ Vermelho AB, Rodrigues GC, Supuran CT (2019). "Why hasn't there been more progress in new Chagas disease drug discovery?". Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 15 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/17460441.2020.1681394. ISSN 1746-0441. PMID 31670987. S2CID 207815975.
  11. 1 2 "Global Health Metrics: Chagas disease—Level 3 cause" (PDF). The Lancet. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2022.
  12. ↑ Rassi Jr A, Rassi A, Marcondes de Rezende J (June 2012). "American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 26 (2): 275–91. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.002. PMID 22632639. S2CID 34941921.
  13. ↑ Capinera JL, ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of entomology (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 824. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
  14. ↑ Rassi A, Rassi A, Marin-Neto JA (April 2010). "Chagas disease". Lancet. 375 (9723): 1388–402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60061-X. PMID 20399979. S2CID 5068417.
  15. ↑ Beatty, Norman L.; Hamer, Gabriel L.; Moreno-Peniche, Bernardo; Mayes, Bonny; Hamer, Sarah A. (September 2025). "Chagas Disease, an Endemic Disease in the United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 31 (9). doi:10.3201/eid3109.241700. PMC 12407112.
  16. ↑ "Neglected Tropical Diseases". cdc.gov. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
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