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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

From Wikipedia
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
class of disease
Subclass ofobstructive lung disease, disease Edit
Has causesmoking, dust Edit
Health specialtypulmonology Edit
Symptoms and signsdyspnea, cough, wheeze Edit
Medical examinationspirometry, arterial blood gas analysis Edit
Possible treatmentsymptomatic treatment Edit
Risk factorsmoking Edit
ICD-9-CM496, 490-496.99 Edit
ICPC 2 IDR95 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3199 Edit

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) be a type of progressive lung disease wey be characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms den airflow limitation.[1] Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) dey define COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition wey be characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (shortness of breath, cough, sputum production anaa exacerbations) secof abnormalities of de airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) anaa alveoli (emphysema) wey dey cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.[2]

De main symptoms of COPD dey include shortness of breath den a cough, wich fi anaa no fi produce mucus.[3] COPD progressively dey worsen, plus everyday activities such as walking anaa dressing cam be difficult.[4] While COPD be incurable, e be preventable den treatable. De two most common types of COPD be emphysema den chronic bronchitis, wey na dem be de two classic COPD phenotypes. However, na dis basic dogma be challenged as varying degrees of co-existing emphysema, chronic bronchitis, den potentially significant vascular diseases all be acknowledged insyd those plus COPD, wey dey give rise to de classification of oda phenotypes anaa subtypes.[5]

Emphysema be defined as enlarged airspaces (alveoli) wey na ein walls break down, wey result in permanent damage to de lung tissue. Chronic bronchitis be defined as a productive cough wey be present for at least three months each year for two years. Both of dese conditions fi exist widout airflow limitations wen dem no be classed as COPD. Emphysema just be one of de structural abnormalities wey fi limit airflow den fi exist widout airflow limitation insyd a significant number of people.[6][7] Chronic bronchitis no always dey result in airflow limitation. However, insyd young adults plus chronic bronchitis wey dey smoke, de risk of developing COPD be high.[8] Na chaw definitions of COPD insyd de past include emphysema den chronic bronchitis, buh na dem never include dese insyd GOLD report definitions.[1] Emphysema den chronic bronchitis remain de predominant phenotypes of COPD, buh der often be overlap between dem, wey na dem sanso describe chaw oda phenotypes.[5][9] COPD den asthma fi coexist den converge insyd sam individuals.[10] COPD be associated plus low-grade systemic inflammation.[11]

De most common cause of COPD be tobacco smoking.[12] Oda risk factors dey include indoor den outdoor air pollution wey dey include dust, exposure to occupational irritants such as dust from grains, cadmium dust anaa fumes, den genetics, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.[8][13] Insyd developing countries, common sources of household air pollution be de use of coal den biomass such as wood den dry dung as fuel for cooking den heating.[14][8] De diagnosis be based on poor airflow as dem measure by spirometry.[3]

Dem fi prevent chaw cases of COPD by reducing exposure to risk factors such as smoking den indoor den outdoor pollutants.[15] While treatment fi slow worsening, der be no conclusive evidence say any medications fi change de long-term decline insyd lung function.[16] COPD treatments dey include smoking cessation, vaccinations, pulmonary rehabilitation, inhaled bronchodilators den corticosteroids.[16] Sam people fi benefit from long-term oxygen therapy, lung volume reduction den lung transplantation.[17] Insyd those wey get periods of acute worsening, increased use of medications, antibiotics, corticosteroids den hospitalization fi be needed.[18]

As of 2021, na COPD affect about 213 million people (2.7% of de global population).[19] E typically dey occur insyd males den females over de age of 35–40.[4][20] Insyd 2021, na COPD cause 3.65 million deaths.[21] Almost 90% of COPD deaths insyd those under 70 years of age occur insyd low den middle income countries.[4] Insyd 2021, na e be de fourth biggest cause of death, responsible for approximately 5% of total deaths.[4] Na dem project de number of deaths to increase further secof continued exposure to risk factors den an aging population.[1] Insyd de United States, na dem estimate costs of de disease insyd 2010 at $50 billion, chaw of wich be secof exacerbation.[1]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Gold Report 2021, pp. 4–8, Chapter 1: Definition and overview.
  2. ↑ "2025 GOLD Report". Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (in American English). 2024-11-15.
  3. 1 2 Gold Report 2021, pp. 20–27, Chapter 2: Diagnosis and initial assessment.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)". Fact Sheets (in English). World Health Organization. 2024-11-06.
  5. 1 2 Myc LA, Shim YM, Laubach VE, Dimastromatteo J (April 2019). "Role of medical and molecular imaging in COPD". Clin Transl Med. 8 (1) e12: 12. doi:10.1186/s40169-019-0231-z. PMC 6465368. PMID 30989390.
  6. ↑ "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  7. ↑ Martini K, Frauenfelder T (November 2020). "Advances in imaging for lung emphysema". Ann Transl Med. 8 (21): 1467. doi:10.21037/atm.2020.04.44. PMC 7723580. PMID 33313212.
  8. 1 2 3 Gold Report 2021, pp. 8–14, Chapter 1: Definition and overview.
  9. ↑ De Rose V, Molloy K, Gohy S, Pilette C, Greene CM (2018). "Airway Epithelium Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis and COPD". Mediators Inflamm. 2018 1309746. doi:10.1155/2018/1309746. PMC 5911336. PMID 29849481.
  10. ↑ GINA and GOLD joint guidelines, GINA and GOLD task force members (2014). "Asthma COPD and asthma COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS)" (PDF). GINA Guidelines.
  11. ↑ Agusti, Àlvar; Soriano, Joan B. (January 2008). "COPD as a Systemic Disease". COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (in English). 5 (2): 133–138. doi:10.1080/15412550801941349. ISSN 1541-2555. PMID 18415812. S2CID 32732993.
  12. ↑ "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Aetiology | BMJ Best Practice". bestpractice.bmj.com. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  13. ↑ "COPD causes - occupations and substances". www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  14. ↑ Torres-Duque CA, García-Rodriguez MC, González-García M (August 2016). "Is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Caused by Wood Smoke a Different Phenotype or a Different Entity?". Archivos de Bronconeumologia. 52 (8): 425–31. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2016.04.004. PMID 27207325.
  15. ↑ Gold Report 2021, pp. 80–83, Chapter 4: Management of stable COPD.
  16. 1 2 Gold Report 2021, pp. 40–46, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
  17. ↑ Gold Report 2021, pp. 60–65, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
  18. ↑ Dobler CC, Morrow AS, Beuschel B, Farah MH, Majzoub AM, Wilson ME, et al. (March 2020). "Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 172 (6): 413–422. doi:10.7326/M19-3007. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_66204. PMID 32092762. S2CID 211476101.
  19. ↑ GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2024-05-18). "Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021". The Lancet. 403 (10440): 2133–2161. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 11122111. PMID 38582094.
  20. ↑ "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". nice.org. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  21. ↑ GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators (2024-05-18). "Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021". The Lancet. 403 (10440): 2100–2132. Bibcode:2024Lanc..403.2100N. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00367-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 11126520. PMID 38642570.
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