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Climate change in Africa

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climate change in Africa
climate change by country or territory
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Facet giveAfrica Edit
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Graph wey dey show temperature change insyd Africa between 1901 den 2021, plus red colour be warmer den blue being colder dan average (De average temperature during 1971–2000 be taken as de reference point for dese changes.)

Climate change in Africa be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events wey dey include droughts, floods, den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. Dese changes dey threaten chow den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.[1][2] Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.[3]

Na Climate change dey intensify existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Large segments of de African population depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture (55 - 62% of de workforce insyd sub-Saharan Africa)[4] den already live insyd poverty, wey dey heighten dema exposure to shocks. Health outcomes worsen as heat stress, vector borne - diseases (such as malaria den dengue), den malnutrition becam more prevalent. Over half (56%) of de over 2,000 recorded public health incidents insyd Africa between 2001 den 2021 dey connect to climate change.[5] Resources scarcity dey contribute to displacement den conflict, particularly insyd fragile regions. Urban areas, often be characterized by informal settlements, face heightened risks from flooding den extreme heat.[1]

Agriculture be one of de most vulnerable sectors, as most African farmers rely on rainfed crops. Reduced den unpredictable rainfall, combined plus higher temperatures, drives soil moisture loss, desertification (especially insyd de Sahara) den shifts suitable growing areas. Dese changes lower yields of staple crops, wey dey undermine food security den worsening hunger. Livestock health be increasingly compromised by heat stress den shifting disease patterns. Coastal den marine ecosystems face warming seas den rising levels, wich threaten fisheries den densely populated coastal settlements.[6]

De economic toll of climate change be severe. On average African countries face climate-related losses wey dey amount to 2-5% of GDP annually, while adaptation costs insyd sub-Saharan Africa be projected at USD 30-50 billion per year over de next decade. Dis dey threaten development gains den places pressure on governments den international institutions to mobilise climate finance.[7][8]

Africa ein climate change adaptation strategies dey focus on building resilience thru climate - smart agriculture, sustainable water management, ecosystem conservation, den strengthening health den infrastructure systems. Dese approaches prioritise enhancing governance, mobilising climate finance den investment, den fostering community participation to address vulnerability holistically.[9][10][11] Continental den national frameworks emphasise multi-sectoral coordination, technology adoption, den capacity building to support sustainable development den reduce climate risk.[12]

Greenhouse gas emissions

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Africa ein per person greenhouse gas emissions be low compared to oda continents.[13] Emissions from land use change be uncertain, especially insyd Central Africa.[14] De main source of uncertainty dey cam from carbon dioxide fluxes insyd de LULUCF sector (dis acronym dey stand for land use, land-use change, den forestry).[14]

Impacts

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Temperature den weather changes

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Köppen climate classification map for Africa for 1991–2020
2071–2100 map under de most intense climate change scenario. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely.[15][16][17]

Observed surface temperatures generally increase over Africa since de late 19th century to de early 21st century by about 1°C, buh locally as much as 3°C for minimum temperature insyd de Sahel at de end of de dry season.[18] De warming of Africa increase by +0.3 C from 1991 to 2021 versus +0.2 during 1961 to 1910. E be estimated dat by 2030, de people of Africa go be exposed to a rise insyd sea level secof an increase insyd temperature. Na dis go then cause agricultural productivity to decrease[19].Observed precipitation trends dey indicate spatial den temporal discrepancies as expected.[20][21] De observed changes insyd temperature den precipitation vary regionally.[22][20]

Current climate models (as dem summarise insyd de IPCC Sixth Assessment Report) predict increases insyd frequency den intensity of drought den heavy rainfall events.[23] Dem sanso predict decreases insyd mean precipitation almost everywhere insyd Africa, plus medium to high confidence. However, local rainfall trends den socio-climatic interactions be likely to manifest insyd mixed patterns. Therefore, de converging impacts of climate change go vary across de continent. Insyd rural areas, rainfall patterns influence water usage.[23]

A study insyd 2019 dey predict increased dry spell length during wet seasons den increased extreme rainfall rates insyd Africa.[24] Insyd other words: "both ends of Africa's weather extremes fi get more severe".[25] De research find say most climate models no go be able to capture de extent of dese changes secof dem no be conviction-permitting at dema coarse grid scales.[24]

Sea level rise

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Aerial view of de Tanzanian capital Dar es Salaam

Insyd Africa, future population growth dey amplify risks from sea level rise. Sam 54.2million people dey live insyd de highly exposed low elevation coastal zones (LECZ) around 2000. Dis number fi effectively double to around 110 million people by 2030. By 2060 e fi be around 185 to 230million people, wey dey depend on de extent of population growth. De average regional sea level rise go be around 21cm by 2060. At dat point climate change scenarios go make little difference. Buh local geography den population trends interact to increase de exposure to hazards like 100-year floods insyd a complex way.[26]

Abidjan, de economic powerhouse of Ivory Coast
Populations within 100-year floodplains.[26]
Country 2000 2030 2060 Growth 2000–2060
Egypt7.413.820.70.28
Nigeria0.10.30.90.84
Senegal0.41.12.70.76
Benin0.10.61.61.12
Tanzania0.20.94.32.3
Somalia0.20.62.71.7
Côte d'Ivoire0.10.30.70.65
Mozambique0.71.42.50.36

Dis be template wey go make wanna references make structured.

A man de look go outside over di beach from top of building wey high tides don destroy for Chorkor, one suburb for Accra. Sunny day flooding wey come from sea level rise dey increase coastal erosion wey dey spoil houses, infrastructure and natural ecosystems. Plenty communities for Coastal Ghana don already dey feel di changing tides.

For near future, one of di biggest displacement wey go happen dey expected for East Africa region. At least 750,000 people for dat area fit dey forced comot from coastal areas between 2020 and 2050. Scientific studies estimate say 12 major African cities go suffer total damage reach US$65 billion under “moderate” climate change scenario RCP4.5 by 2050. Di cities be Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo. Under high-emission scenario RCP8.5, di damage go reach US$86.5 billion. If we add extra impact from serious ice sheet instability for di high-emission scenario, e fit reach up to US$137.5 billion damage. If we include “low-probability, high-damage events” join di three scenarios, di damage fit rise go US$187 billion, US$206 billion and US$397 billion respectively.[26] For these estimates, Alexandria for Egypt alone dey account for around half of di total figure.[26] Hundreds of thousands of people wey dey low-lying areas for dia fit already need relocation within next decade.[27] Across sub-Saharan Africa as whole, damage from sea level rise fit reach 2–4% of GDP by 2050. But this one depend on how economy go grow and how adaptation go happen.[26]

Di remains of Leptis Magna amphitheater, with sea dey show for background

For long term, Egypt, Mozambique and Tanzania dey likely get di highest number of people wey go dey affected by yearly flooding among all African countries. This projection assume say global warming go reach 4°C by end of century. Dat level dey linked to RCP8.5 scenario. Under RCP8.5, 10 important cultural sites dey at risk of flooding and erosion by end of century. Dem be Casbah of Algiers, Carthage Archaeological site, Kerkouane, Leptis Magna Archaeological site, Medina of Sousse, Medina of Tunis, Sabratha Archaeological site, Robben Island, Island of Saint-Louis and Tipasa. Total of 15 Ramsar sites and other natural heritage sites too go face similar risk. These ones include Bao Bolong Wetland Reserve, Delta du Saloum National Park, Diawling National Park, Golfe de Boughrara, Kalissaye, Lagune de Ghar el Melh et Delta de la Mejerda, Marromeu Game Reserve, Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu, Seal Ledges Provincial Nature Reserve, Sebkhet Halk Elmanzel et Oued Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Réserve Naturelle d'Intérêt Communautaire de la Somone, Songor Biosphere Reserve, Tanbi Wetland Complex and Watamu Marine National Park.[26]

Socioeconomic impacts

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Survey results from 2022 show say access to wood and water dey badly affected by climate change for Kenya and Cameroon.[28]

Climate change go continue affect Africa well-well because of plenty factors. These impacts don already start show and dem go increase if nothing serious no happen to reduce global carbon emissions. The impacts include higher temperatures, drought, changing rainfall patterns, and more climate variability. These conditions dey affect energy production and consumption. Recent droughts for many African countries wey people link to climate change don spoil energy security and economic growth across di continent.

Africa go be one of di regions wey climate change go hit pass others.[29] Di reasons be say many countries get low ability to adapt, poor access to technology and information wey fit help adaptation, plus heavy dependence on farming ecosystems for survival.[30] Many African countries dey classified as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) with weak socio-economic conditions, so dem face serious challenges for dealing with climate change effects.[31]

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report highlight say Africa dey face high risks for ecosystems, water availability, and agriculture, which dey affect food security.[29]

For 2022, over 6,000 people from 10 African countries take part for climate survey wey European Investment Bank do.[32] Survey show say 88% of respondents believe climate change dey already affect their daily life, while 61% say environmental destruction don affect their income or livelihood.[33] These losses usually come from serious drought, rising sea levels, coastal erosion, or extreme weather like floods and storms.[32]

More than half of African respondents (57%) say dem or people wey dem know don already take steps to adapt to climate change. Some of these actions include buying water-saving devices to reduce drought effects and clearing drains before floods.[32] 34% say climate change be one of di most serious problems wey their country dey face, along with issues like inflation and access to healthcare.[32]

Economic impacts

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Africa dey warm pass most parts of di world. Large parts of di continent fit become hard to live in if warming continue. Africa GDP fit drop by 2% if global temperature rise by 1°C, and fit drop by 12% if e rise by 4°C. Crop production go reduce sharply because of heat, and heavy rainfall go become more frequent and intense across di continent, increasing flood risk.[34][35][36][37]

Africa dey lose between $7 billion and $15 billion every year because of climate change, and e fit reach $50 billion by 2030.[38]

Agriculture

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Agriculture be very important sector for Africa, because plenty people depend on am for food and income. Many people rely on climate-sensitive resources. E dey expected say crop production go reduce across Sub-Saharan Africa.[39] On average, agriculture for Sub-Saharan Africa contribute about 15% of total GDP.[40] Africa geography make am very vulnerable, and 70% of people depend on rain-fed farming for survival.[41] Smallholder farms dey cover about 80% of farmland for Sub-Saharan Africa.[40] IPCC for 2007 project say climate change go seriously affect agriculture productivity and food access.[42]: 13  This one get high confidence.

Crop, livestock and fisheries go face more pests and diseases because of climate change.[43] Crop pests already cause about one-sixth of farm losses.[43] Climate change go make pests and diseases increase, plus more serious outbreaks.[43] This go affect food security and how people dey live. Poor nutrition fit cause deficiency like vitamin A and iron, especially during drought periods when food no dey enough.[citation needed] Between 2014 and 2018, Africa get highest level of food insecurity for the world.[44]

Heavy dependence on rain-fed farming and low use of climate-smart agriculture make the sector more vulnerable. Poor access to climate data too dey worsen adaptation efforts.[45] Changes in rainfall go shorten farming seasons and reduce yield for many places in Africa. Smallholder farmers no get enough technology and support to adapt.[46]

Climate variability don already cause big changes in food production across developing countries wey depend on rain.[47][48]

Agriculture dey sensitive to climate changes, especially rainfall, temperature, and extreme events like drought and flood. These events go increase for future and go affect farming serious.[49] This go affect food prices, food security, and land use decisions.[50] Yield from rain-fed farming fit reduce reach up to 50% by 2020.[49]

To reduce future impact, African countries need strong policies and planning to manage food systems under climate variability. Dem need proper understanding of how climate affect different crops before making decisions.[51] This one important especially during 2020 locust invasion for East Africa wey spoil agriculture.[52]

For East Africa, climate change go make drought and flood happen more often and more strong, which go affect farming badly. Some research from International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) show say maize yield fit increase for some parts of East Africa, but go reduce for Ethiopia, DRC, Tanzania and northern Uganda.[53] Climate change also go reduce quality and quantity of land wey dey available for farming.[54]

Climate change for Kenya go seriously affect agriculture sector wey depend mostly on rain.[55] Livestock for arid and semi-arid lands dey especially at risk. For these areas, over 70% of livestock deaths happen because of drought.[55] Within next 10 years, 52% of cattle for these regions dey at risk because of extreme heat stress.[56]

For Southern Africa, climate change go worsen farming challenges wey already dey there because of weak infrastructure and low technology. Maize cover almost half of farmland, but yields fit reduce by 30% under future climate conditions.[57] Rising temperatures also go increase weeds and pests spread.[58]

For West Africa, climate change go affect farming by making food production more unstable, affecting access and availability.[59]

For Central Africa, heavy rain, long dry periods and high heat go reduce cassava, maize and bean production.[60] Floods and erosion go spoil transport infrastructure, leading to post-harvest losses. Export crops like coffee and cocoa dey increase but dem still dey very vulnerable to climate change.[60] Political instability and conflict also dey affect agriculture contribution to GDP, and climate risk go make am worse.[61]

Africa GDP fit drop by 2% if temperature rise by 1°C, and by 12% if e rise by 4°C. Crop yields go drop because of heat, and drought go increase across di continent. Heavy rain too go become more frequent, increasing flood risk.[34][62][63][64]

Energy

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Solar lighting and electricity wey install for house of one Tanzanian woman.

As population dey grow and energy demand dey increase, energy security become very important for sustainable development. Climate change don already affect energy sector for Africa because many countries dey depend on hydropower. Reduced rainfall and drought don reduce water level for dams, which don affect electricity generation. This one cause low power supply, high electricity cost, and power cuts or load shedding for some countries like Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania.

Water scarcity

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Water shortage for Ethiopia.

Water quality and how water dey available don spoil for most areas inside Africa, especially because of climate change.[65]

Water resources dey very vulnerable, and climate change fit affect am plenty, wey go bring serious effects for human society.[66]

IPCC dey predict say millions of people for Africa go continuously face serious water stress because of changes in climate and how weather dey vary (IPCC 2013). Changes in rain pattern dey directly affect surface runoff and how water dey available.[67]

Climate change likely go make water-stress areas for Africa worse—example be Rufiji basin for Tanzania[68]—because of different land use and complex political and social issues.

Climate change for Africa don seriously change hydrological cycle (water cycle) by disturbing rainfall patterns, increase flood and drought, reduce reliability of surface water and ground water, and also increase evaporation rate. All these changes dey affect water availability for home use, farming, and also energy production since many African countries dey depend on water for electricity generation. Ecosystem balance too dey affected.[69][70][71]

Key Climate Threats to African Water Security

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Erratic Rainfall: Rain no dey fall regularly again for Africa. Sometimes e dey delay, sometimes e dey fall heavy in short time. This dey disturb farming because many farmers dey depend on normal rainy season to plant crops. E fit reduce harvest and also dry underground water faster.[72]

Extreme Weather Events: Climate change dey bring more serious weather events for Africa. Long dry season dey cause water shortage, while heavy rain dey cause flood wey dey destroy houses and also increase diseases wey water dey carry.

Transboundary Tensions: When water no dey enough for shared rivers and basins, countries wey dey depend on the same water fit begin compete. This fit cause misunderstanding or tension. For example, Volta Basin for West Africa dey shared by many countries. If one country build dam or take too much water, others fit suffer shortage. Same thing apply for River Nile wey plenty countries dey share.[69]


Health impacts

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African countries get some of the weakest health systems for the world.[73]

Diseases like malaria, schistosomiasis, dengue fever, and meningitis—wey climate fit affect—dey very common for Sub-Saharan Africa. For example, over 90% of malaria cases worldwide dey Africa.[73] Climate change fit change how these diseases dey spread and how people dey catch am.

According to IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, climate change dey pose serious danger to health of millions of Africans because of heat stress, extreme weather, and increase spread of infectious diseases.[74]

Climate change dey also increase temperature, storms, droughts, and sea level rise, all of which dey affect how diseases dey spread globally.[75]

For July 2021, World Food Programme (WFP) talk say the food crisis for southern Madagascar be mainly because of climate change, not war or conflict. Dem even describe am as first famine wey climate change alone cause.[76][77][78]

Malaria

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Malaria still dey cause serious health problem for Africa. As climate change dey continue, areas wey get high malaria risk all year round fit shift from coastal West Africa go areas between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda (African Highlands).[79]

Rising temperature, change in rainfall, deforestation, and more humidity dey help mosquitoes wey carry malaria parasite to survive and reproduce. The main parasite be Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, carried by Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium falciparum no fit survive well if temperature no reach about 20°C, so warming dey increase risk.[80]

Studies show say climate change fit increase malaria risk for more places, including highlands wey normally no get malaria.[81]

Impacts on conflicts and migration

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United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) do environmental assessment for Sudan after conflict in 2007.[82]

Report show say environmental stress for Sudan dey link with social, economic and political problems like displacement of people and competition for natural resources. Reduced rainfall due to climate change be one factor wey contribute to conflict in Darfur. UNEP recommend say international community should help Sudan adapt to climate change.[83]

Impacts by region

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Central Africa

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Central Africa mostly be landlocked area and e dey very vulnerable to climate change. Because rain dey depend on seasons and farming too depend on rain, the region dey expect longer heatwaves and more extreme wet conditions.[84]

Temperature for the region fit increase by about 1.5°C to 2°C.[85]

Forest for Congo Basin wey dey absorb CO₂ don reduce because of heat and drought wey dey slow tree growth. Even forest wey nobody cut dey affected. By around 2030, forest fit absorb 14% less CO₂ and by 2035 e fit stop to absorb am.[86]

Eastern Africa

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Eastern Africa dey inside tropics, and rainfall dey controlled by seasonal movement of tropical rain belt. Rain pattern for the region no regular because of geography like highlands, lakes (example Lake Victoria), and influence from Indian and Atlantic Oceans.

Some places get one rainy season, others get two. Rain timing fit change because of ocean temperature changes and weather systems like Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and tropical cyclones.

Long rains season dey very important for farming but e dey unpredictable. Some studies show say rainfall don reduce since 1980s during March–May, even though some recovery dey recent years.[87]

Temperature for East Africa fit rise about 2–5°C by end of century depending on emissions.[88]

Kenya dey very vulnerable. Drought and flood go increase as rainfall dey become more intense and less predictable. Urban heat for Nairobi too dey worsen because of building materials and lack of green space.[89]

North Africa

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Page 'Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa' not found

West Africa and the Sahel

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West Africa get four climate zones: Guinea Coast, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel, and Sahara.

Rain mainly dey controlled by movement of Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), wey dey mix moist monsoon wind and dry Harmattan wind.

Sahel region don experience wet period (1950s–1960s), then long dry period (1970s–1990s), and partial recovery from 1990s onward.

Even though rain don increase small recently, total rainfall still less than 1950s level.[90]

Some people call am recovery period, others call am hydrological intensification because rain dey fall in heavy bursts wey cause flooding instead of steady rain.

Sahel don also face serious floods and droughts, and many people don affected multiple times. In 2012, severe drought happen and governments respond quickly.[91]

Climate models dey show say western Sahel fit get decrease in rainfall while central and eastern Sahel fit get increase, but uncertainty still dey.

Heavy storms go likely increase and this go make flooding worse.[92][24]

Southern Africa

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Adaptation

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To reduce how climate change dey affect African countries, people need adaptation measures for different levels – from local level go national go regional level.[93]

First generation of adaptation projects for Africa be mostly small-small, dem dey focus on agriculture and bringing new technology wey go help people take better decisions for adaptation.[94]

Recently, programs don start shift go bigger and coordinated actions wey dey tackle issues across different sectors. According to 2023 study, 59% of African banks don get climate change policy, while another 22% dey plan to bring one. 65% of banks dey already consider climate risk before dem approve clients or projects, while another 23% go soon start.[95]

Green finance opportunities and products from surveyed banks in the European Investment Bank Banking in Africa survey[96][97]

Better weather forecasting technology for sub-Saharan Africa dey very important to help people respond to climate change,[98] so people fit take better decisions for adaptation.[98]

For the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP) for 2015, African leaders launch Africa Adaptation Initiative (AAI). Steering committee of AAI include African Ministerial Conference on Environment (AMCEN) Bureau and African Group of Negotiators (AGN).[99]

The Africa Adaptation Initiative also get support from European Union.[100] European Union don also partner with African Union for promote sustainable resource management, environmental resilience, and climate change mitigation.[101]

For regional level, policies and actions for adaptation still dey early stage for Africa. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) show example of regional climate action plans like those from Southern African Development Community (SADC) and Lake Victoria Basin Committee.[29]

For national level, early adaptation work mostly come from National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) or National Climate Change Response Strategies (NCCRS). But implementation dey slow and results dey mixed.[102]

For subnational level, many local governments dey also develop their own climate strategies, example be Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy.[103]

But technical capacity and resources to implement these plans still low. Community-based adaptation get attention for Africa, and people agree say best way be to start from local adaptive capacity and use indigenous knowledge and practices.[104]

Results regarding African banks' climate risk approach (% of surveyed banks) from the European Investment Bank's Banking in Africa survey 2021[96][97]

IPCC highlight some successful ways to improve adaptation for Africa:

Support autonomous adaptation

Give attention to culture, ethics, rights and include women, youth and vulnerable people

Mix flexible learning with technology and indigenous knowledge

Focus on resilience and low-risk options

Build learning systems for institutions

World Health Organization report "Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa Plan of Action for the Health Sector 2012–2016"[105] aim to guide health sector response and improve adaptation readiness across African countries.[105]

According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Sub-Saharan Africa need $30–$50 billion every year extra to adapt to climate change effects.[97][106]

Climate financing for Middle East and North Africa be $32.6 billion (2% global total), while Sub-Saharan Africa get $43.8 billion (3% global total).[95][107]

According to European Investment Bank Banking in Africa report, many African banks dey now see climate change as serious risk and opportunity for green finance.[108]

Poor and vulnerable people dey suffer most, especially migrants, refugees, and low-income groups. IMF predict say poverty fit increase by millions due to climate crisis.

About one-third of African climate funding dey go five countries: Morocco, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia, and South Africa.[95]

Global greenfield investment don reduce over last decade, and Africa share fall from 12% in 2017 go below 6% in 2021.[95][109]

Northern Africa adaptation measures

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Climate change specific personnel in surveyed African banks

Key adaptation for Northern Africa relate to water shortage due to climate change and increasing demand. Water scarcity plus heat dey affect wheat farming and disease spread like leishmaniasis.[110][111]

Government responses mostly focus on water supply solutions like desalination, dams, and water transfer between basins.[112]

Migration also dey serve as adaptation strategy for some people.[113]

But overall, documented adaptation actions from North Africa still few compared to other regions.[114]

=== Western Africa adaptation measures ===

Water shortage be big risk for West Africa, where drought fit cause hunger, migration, conflict and food insecurity. Adaptation dey include environmental, farming, and economic strategies.[115]

Farmers dey use many adaptation strategies supported by research stations.[116]

Indigenous farming methods in northern Ghana include crop, soil and cultural practices.[116][117]

Livestock adaptation include feeding management, feed storage, traditional medicine from tree bark, and use of local breeds wey already adapt to climate.[118]

Adoption of adaptation strategies depend on factors like age, education, income, farm size, and knowledge of climate options.[119]

Eastern Africa adaptation measures

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For East Africa, adaptation include better use of climate information, agriculture improvements, livestock strategies, and water management.

Better weather information help farmers and planners take timely decisions.[120] Indigenous people also dey use environmental signs like bird movement and insects to predict weather.

Agricultural adaptation include manure use, resistant crops, and early maturing crops.[121]

Irrigation systems like drip irrigation dey help save water. Countries like Kenya and Rwanda dey invest in irrigation and water systems from rivers.[122]

To reduce flooding and erosion, communities dey plant trees and protect water catchment areas.[123]

For livestock, adaptation include pasture management, hay production, and commercialization of livestock systems.[124]

Water sector adaptation include protecting water sources and managing catchment areas.

Comoros – "NAPA is the operational extension of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), as it includes among its adaptation priorities, agriculture, fishing, water, housing, health, but also tourism, in an indirect way, through the reconstitution of basin slopes and the fight against soils erosion, and therefore the protection of reefs by limiting the silting up by terrigenous contributions.[125]"

Kenya has Climate Change Act, 2016 and National Climate Change Action Plan to guide adaptation and low-carbon development.

Central Africa adaptation measures

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Angola – "The objective of the National Adaptation Programs of Action are to identify and communicate the urgent and immediate needs of the country regarding climate change adaptation, to increase Angola's resilience to climate variabilities and to climate change to ensure achievement of Poverty reduction programs, sustainable development objectives and the Millennium Development Goals pursued by the Government."[126]

Southern Africa adaptation measures

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There be many local, national and regional initiatives to strengthen climate adaptation. Examples include RCCP,[127] SASSCAL,[128] ASSAR,[129] UNDP Climate Change Adaptation,[130] RESILIM,[131][132] FRACTAL.[133]

South Africa implement Long-Term Adaptation Scenarios Programme and later adopt National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in 2020.[134]

Madagascar adaptation priorities include agriculture, forestry, health, water and coastal zones.[135]

Malawi – NAPA priorities include improving resilience, restoring forests, improving agriculture, disaster preparedness, and climate monitoring.[136]

Mauritius – adaptation focus on coastal resources, agriculture, water, fisheries, health and biodiversity.[137]

Mozambique – adaptation include disaster risk reduction, soil protection, reforestation and water management.[138]

Rwanda has NAPA and national policies guiding adaptation.[139]

Tanzania – NAPA support mainstreaming adaptation into sectors but still face coordination challenges.[102]

Zambia – NAPA identify urgent needs in agriculture, energy, water, health and natural resources.[140]

Zimbabwe – NAP process focus on private sector role, funding access, climate data management, monitoring and evaluation systems.[141]

Lesotho – NAPA focus on identifying vulnerable communities and building adaptation capacity.[142]

Namibia – focus on food security, water resources, health and infrastructure.[143]

South Africa – National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy guide national response across sectors.[144]

Indigenous knowledge and local innovations

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Even though big government programs and international funding dey drive climate action, many communities for Africa still rely on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to survive.[145]

This knowledge come from many years of living close to nature and help people predict weather, save water and protect farming systems.

Traditional climate forecasting

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Before modern weather apps, rural communities dey use natural signs to predict weather. For example:

Movement of birds

When certain trees dey flower

Wind direction and stars pattern


Pastoralists for East Africa dey also observe animal behavior to decide migration routes during drought.[146]

Scientists now dey combine these local knowledge with modern forecasting to improve early warning systems.

Soil and water conservation techniques

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In dry regions, communities don develop smart farming methods.[147]

For Sahel region, farmers dey use Zaï pits[148] where dem dig holes inside dry soil, put manure for bottom to trap rainwater and improve soil fertility.

Farmers also build stone bunds to slow down rainwater so soil no go wash away.[147]

For southern and eastern Africa, agroforestry like planting Faidherbia albida inside farms help improve soil and reduce heat.[149]

Crop diversification and seed saving

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Farmers dey save local seeds to reduce risk of crop failure.[150]

Traditional crops like millet and sorghum fit survive drought more than commercial seeds.

Communities also dey share seeds through seed banks.[151]

Intercropping like maize and cowpea help protect soil moisture and reduce total crop loss.[147]

Society and culture

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Inequality in climate research

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Even though Africa go suffer climate change plenty, research funding and publications still dey skew. Many African researchers no get enough support.[152]

About 78% of climate research money for Africa dey go institutions for Europe and North America.[153]

This pattern, known as parachute science, dey stop local scientists from leading research that concern their own environment.

African pension funds also rarely report sustainability information.[154]

UNCTAD-ISAR create African Regional Partnership for Sustainability and SDG Reporting in 2022 to improve transparency and cooperation.[95]

See also

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Template:Portal

Ecotourism in Africa

Water scarcity in Africa


References

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Dis be template wey go make wanna references make structured.

European Investment Bank (6 July 2022c). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021 (in English). European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.


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Template:Commons category

https://futureclimateafrica.org/ Future Climate For Africa programme

https://www.uneca.org/acpc African Climate Policy Centre (ACCP)

https://www.amma2050.org/ African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050)

Template:Usurped Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA)

https://wascal.org/ West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL)


Template:Climate change regions

References

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  3. ↑ World Meterological Organization (2024-09-02). "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs". World Meteorological Organization (in English). Retrieved 2025-09-16.
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  7. ↑ World Meteorological Organization (2024). State of the Climate in Africa: 2023 (PDF). Geneva. ISBN 978-92-63-11360-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  • Future Climate For Africa programme
  • African Climate Policy Centre (ACCP) goal is to contribute to poverty reduction through successful mitigation and adaptation to climate change in Africa and to improve the capacity of African countries to participate effectively in multilateral climate negotiations.
  • African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region.
  • (CARIAA) builds resilience by supporting collaborative research on climate change adaptation to inform adaptation policy and practice.
  • West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL) is a research-focused Climate Service Centre designed to help tackle this challenge and thereby enhance the resilience of human and environmental systems to climate change and increased variability in West Africa.
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