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Common cold

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common cold
infectious disease, class of disease, signs den symptoms
Does not have causecold Edit
Health specialtyfamily medicine, infectious diseases, otolaryngology Edit
Disease transmission processairborne transmission, droplet infection, contact transmission, direct transmission, fomite transmission Edit
ICD-9-CM460 Edit
ICPC 2 IDR74 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC78599, C34500 Edit

De common cold, anaa de cold, be a viral infectious disease of de upper respiratory tract wey dey primarily affect de respiratory mucosa of de nose, throat, sinuses, den larynx.[1][2] Signs den symptoms fi appear insyd as little as two days after exposure to de virus.[1] Dese fi include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, headache, fatigue, den fever.[3][4] People usually dey recover insyd seven to ten days,[3] buh sam symptoms fi last up to three weeks.[5] Occasionally, those plus oda health problems fi develop pneumonia.[3]

Well over 200 virus strains be implicated in causing de common cold, plus rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses den enteroviruses be de most common.[6] Dem spread thru de air anaa indirectly thru contact plus objects insyd de environment, wey be followed by transfer to de mouth anaa nose.[3] Risk factors dey include going to child care facilities, no dey sleep well, den psychological stress.[1] De symptoms be mostly secof de body ein immune response to de infection rada dan to tissue destruction by de viruses demaselves.[7] De symptoms of influenza be similar to those of a cold, although usually more severe den less likely to include a runny nose.[1][8]

Der be no vaccine give de common cold.[3] Dis be secof de rapid mutation den wide variation of viruses wey dey cause de common cold.[9] De primary methods of prevention be hand washing; no dey touch de eyes, nose anaa mouth plus unwashed hands; den staying away from sick people.[3] People be considered contagious as long as de symptoms be still present.[10] Sam evidence dey support de use of face masks.[11] Der sanso be no cure, buh de symptoms fi be treated.[3] Zinc fi reduce de duration den severity of symptoms if dem start shortly after de onset of symptoms.[12] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen fi help plus pain.[13] Antibiotics, however, for no be used, as all colds be caused by viruses rada dan bacteria.[14] Der be no good evidence wey cough medicines be effective.[1][15]

De common cold be de most frequent infectious disease insyd humans.[16] Under normal circumstances, de average adult dey get two to three colds a year, while de average kiddie fi get six to eight colds a year.[2][17] Infections dey occur more commonly during de winter.[18] Na dese infections exist thru out human history.[19]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Allan GM, Arroll B (February 2014). "Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence". CMAJ. 186 (3): 190–9. doi:10.1503/cmaj.121442. PMC 3928210. PMID 24468694.
  2. 1 2 Arroll B (March 2011). "Common cold". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011 (3): 1510. PMC 3275147. PMID 21406124. Common colds are defined as upper respiratory tract infections that affect the predominantly nasal part of the respiratory mucosa
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  4. ↑ Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637. PMID 16253889.
  5. ↑ Heikkinen T, Järvinen A (January 2003). "The common cold". Lancet. 361 (9351): 51–9. Bibcode:2003Lanc..361...51H. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9. PMC 7112468. PMID 12517470.
  6. ↑ "Common Cold". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  7. ↑ Eccles p. 112
  8. ↑ "Cold Versus Flu". 11 August 2016. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  9. ↑ "Colds: How to Prevent Them". Yale Medicine (in English). Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  10. ↑ "Common cold". nhs.uk (in English). 2017-10-18. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  11. ↑ Eccles p. 209
  12. ↑ "Zinc – Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2019. Although studies examining the effect of zinc treatment on cold symptoms have had somewhat conflicting results, overall zinc appears to be beneficial under certain circumstances.... In September of 2007, Caruso and colleagues published a structured review of the effects of zinc lozenges, nasal sprays, and nasal gels on the common cold [69]. Of the 14 randomized, placebo-controlled studies included, 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 2 using a nasal gel) showed that the zinc treatment had a beneficial effect and 7 (5 using zinc lozenges, 1 using a nasal spray, and 1 using lozenges and a nasal spray) showed no effect. More recently, a Cochrane review concluded that "zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms" [73]. The author of another review completed in 2004 also concluded that zinc can reduce the duration and severity of cold symptoms [68]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage, zinc formulation and duration of treatment before a general recommendation for zinc in the treatment of the common cold can be made [73]. As previously noted, the safety of intranasal zinc has been called into question because of numerous reports of anosmia (loss of smell), in some cases long-lasting or permanent, from the use of zinc-containing nasal gels or sprays [17–19].
  13. ↑ Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cho HM, Hwang YW, Moon YS (September 2015). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9) CD006362. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006362.pub4. PMC 10040208. PMID 26387658.
  14. ↑ Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A (March 2016). "Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (6): 425–34. doi:10.7326/M15-1840. PMID 26785402. S2CID 746771.
  15. ↑ Malesker MA, Callahan-Lyon P, Ireland B, Irwin RS (November 2017). "Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold: CHEST Expert Panel Report". Chest. 152 (5): 1021–1037. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009. PMC 6026258. PMID 28837801. A suggestion for the use of zinc lozenges in healthy adults with cough due to common cold was considered by the expert panel. However, due to weak evidence, the potential side effects of zinc, and the relatively benign and common nature of the condition being treated, the panel did not approve inclusion of this suggestion.
  16. ↑ Eccles p. 1
  17. ↑ Simasek M, Blandino DA (February 2007). "Treatment of the common cold". American Family Physician. 75 (4): 515–20. PMID 17323712. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
  18. ↑ "Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others". CDC. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  19. ↑ Eccles R, Weber O (2009). Common cold. Basel: Birkhäuser. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-7643-9894-1. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016.
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