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Crohn's disease

From Wikipedia
Crohn's disease
Other namesCrohn disease, Crohn syndrome, granulomatous enteritis, regional enteritis, Leśniowski-Crohn disease
A preserved section of de terminal ileum, de cecum, den de ascending colon, all of wich dey display signs of severe Crohn's disease
De three most common sites of intestinal involvement insyd Crohn's disease (left) dem compare to de areas wey be affected by ulcerative colitis (colitis ulcerosa, right)
SpecialtyGastroenterology
SymptomsAbdominal pain, diarrhea (fi be bloody), fever, weight loss, fatigue, mouth sores, reduced appetite[1]
ComplicationsAnemia, skin rashes, arthritis, bowel cancer
Usual onset20–29 years
DurationLong term
CausesUncertain
Risk factorsGenetic predisposition, wey dey live insyd a developed country,[2]
stress,[3] tobacco smoking,
dem undergo an appendectomy[4][5] anaa tonsillectomy[6]
Diagnostic methodBiopsy, medical imaging
Differential diagnosisIrritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, Behçet's disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug enteropathy, intestinal tuberculosis
MedicationCorticosteroids, biological therapy, immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, methotrexate
PrognosisSlightly increased risk of death
Frequency3.2 per 1,000 (developed world)
Named afterBurrill Bernard Crohn

Crohn's disease be a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) wey fi affect any segment of de gastrointestinal tract.[7] Symptoms often dey include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, abdominal distension, den weight loss.[7][8] Complications outsyd of de gastrointestinal tract fi include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of de eye, den fatigue.[8] De skin rashes fi be secof infections, as well as pyoderma gangrenosum anaa erythema nodosum.[8] Bowel obstruction fi occur as a complication of chronic inflammation, den those plus de disease be at greater risk of colon cancer den small bowel cancer.[8]

Although de precise causes of Crohn's disease (CD) be unknown, dem dey believe e be caused by a combination of environmental, immune, den bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals.[7][9][10][11] E dey result insyd a chronic inflammatory disorder, insyd wich de body ein immune system dey defend de gastrointestinal tract, possibly dey target microbial antigens.[10][12] While Crohn's be an immune-related disease, e no dey seem to be an autoimmune disease (de immune system no be triggered by de body einself).[13] De exact underlying immune problem no be clear; however, e fi be an immunodeficiency state.[12][14][15]

About half of de overall risk be related to genetics, plus more dan 70 genes be involved.[8][16] Tobacco smokers be three times as likely make dem develop Crohn's disease as non-smokers.[17] Crohn's disease be often be triggered after a gastroenteritis episode.[8] Oda conditions plus similar symptoms dey include irritable bowel syndrome den Behçet's disease.[8]

Crohn's disease dey affect about 3.2 per 1,000 people insyd Europe den North America;[18] e be less common insyd Asia den Africa.[19][20] E historically be more common insyd de developed world.[21] Rates, however, dey increase, particularly insyd de developing world, since de 1970s.[20][21] Inflammatory bowel disease wey result insyd 47,400 deaths insyd 2015,[22] den those plus Crohn's disease get a slightly reduced life expectancy.[8] Onset of Crohn's disease tend e dey start insyd adolescence den young adulthood, though e fi occur for any age.[7][8][23][24] Males den females be affected roughly equally.[7]

Name controversy

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Na dem name de disease after gastroenterologist Burrill Bernard Crohn, wey insyd 1932, togeda plus Leon Ginzburg (1898–1988) den Gordon D. Oppenheimer (1900–1974) for Mount Sinai Hospital insyd New York, describe a series of people plus inflammation of de terminal ileum of de small intestine, de area wey be most commonly affected by de illness.[25] De decision make dem name de disease after Crohn remain controversial.[26][27] While Crohn, insyd ein memoir, dey describe ein original investigation of de disease, Ginzburg provide strong evidence of how na he den Oppenheimer be de first make dem study de disease.[28]

References

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  1. ↑ "Crohn's disease". Autoimmune Registry Inc. Archived from the original on June 15, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  2. ↑ Baumgart DC, Carding SR (May 2007). "Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology". Lancet. 369 (9573): 1627–1640. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60750-8. PMID 17499605.
  3. ↑ Mawdsley JE, Rampton DS (October 2005). "Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications". Gut. 54 (10): 1481–1491. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.064261. PMC 1774724. PMID 16162953.
  4. ↑ Koutroubakis IE, Vlachonikolis IG, Kapsoritakis A, Spanoudakis S, Roussomoustakaki M, Mouzas IA, Kouroumalis EA, Manousos ON (February 1999). "Appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: case-controlled study in Crete". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 42 (2): 225–230. doi:10.1007/BF02237133. PMID 10211500. S2CID 31528819. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019.
  5. ↑ Frisch M, Gridley G (October 2002). "Appendectomy in adulthood and the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 37 (10): 1175–1177. doi:10.1080/003655202760373380. PMID 12408522.
  6. ↑ Sun W, Han X, Wu S, Yang C (June 2016). "Tonsillectomy and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 31 (6): 1085–1094. doi:10.1111/jgh.13273. PMID 26678358. S2CID 2625962. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "Crohn's Disease". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Baumgart DC, Sandborn WJ (November 2012). "Crohn's disease". Lancet. 380 (9853): 1590–1605. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9. PMID 22914295.
  9. ↑ Cho JH, Brant SR (May 2011). "Recent insights into the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease". Gastroenterology. 140 (6): 1704–1712. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.046. PMC 4947143. PMID 21530736.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dessein R, Chamaillard M, Danese S (September 2008). "Innate immunity in Crohn's disease: the reverse side of the medal". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 42 (Suppl 3 Pt 1): S144–S147. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181662c90. PMID 18806708.
  11. ↑ Stefanelli T, Malesci A, Repici A, Vetrano S, Danese S (May 2008). "New insights into inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology: paving the way for novel therapeutic targets". Current Drug Targets. 9 (5): 413–418. doi:10.2174/138945008784221170. PMID 18473770.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marks DJ, Rahman FZ, Sewell GW, Segal AW (February 2010). "Crohn's disease: an immune deficiency state". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 38 (1): 20–31. doi:10.1007/s12016-009-8133-2. PMC 4568313. PMID 19437144.
  13. ↑ Casanova JL, Abel L (August 2009). "Revisiting Crohn's disease as a primary immunodeficiency of macrophages". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 206 (9): 1839–1843. doi:10.1084/jem.20091683. PMC 2737171. PMID 19687225.
  14. ↑ Lalande JD, Behr MA (July 2010). "Mycobacteria in Crohn's disease: how innate immune deficiency may result in chronic inflammation". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 6 (4): 633–641. doi:10.1586/eci.10.29. PMID 20594136. S2CID 25402952.
  15. ↑ Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Korzenik JR (November 2006). "Crohn's disease: innate immunodeficiency?". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (42): 6751–6755. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i42.6751. PMC 4087427. PMID 17106921.
  16. ↑ Cosnes J (June 2004). "Tobacco and IBD: relevance in the understanding of disease mechanisms and clinical practice". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 18 (3): 481–496. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2003.12.003. PMID 15157822.
  17. ↑ Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG (January 2012). "Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review". Gastroenterology. 142 (1): 46–54.e42, quiz e30. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.001. PMID 22001864. S2CID 206223870. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  18. ↑ Prideaux L, Kamm MA, De Cruz PP, Chan FK, Ng SC (August 2012). "Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: a systematic review". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 27 (8): 1266–1280. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07150.x. PMID 22497584. S2CID 205468282.
  19. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Hovde Ø, Moum BA (April 2012). "Epidemiology and clinical course of Crohn's disease: results from observational studies". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 18 (15): 1723–1731. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i15.1723. PMC 3332285. PMID 22553396.
  20. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Burisch J, Munkholm P (July 2013). "Inflammatory bowel disease epidemiology". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 29 (4): 357–362. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32836229fb. PMID 23695429. S2CID 9538639.
  21. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  22. ↑ Shih IL, Lee TC, Tu CH, Chang CC, Wang YF, Tseng YH, Chiu HM, Wu MS, Wang HP, Shih TT, Liu KL (December 2016). "Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for identifying extraluminal manifestations of Crohn's disease with magnetic resonance enterography". Advances in Digestive Medicine. 3 (4): 174–180. doi:10.1016/j.aidm.2015.05.004. S2CID 70796090.
  23. ↑ "Crohn's Disease: Get Facts on Symptoms and Diet". eMedicineHealth. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007.
  24. ↑ Crohn BB, Ginzburg L, Oppenheimer GD (May 2000). "Regional ileitis: a pathologic and clinical entity. 1932". The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 67 (3): 263–268. PMID 10828911.
  25. ↑ Van Hootegem P, Travis S (July 2020). "Is Crohn's Disease a Rightly Used Eponym?". Journal of Crohn's & Colitis. 14 (6): 867–871. doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz183. PMID 31701137. Archived from the original on July 8, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
  26. ↑ Mulder DJ, Noble AJ, Justinich CJ, Duffin JM (May 2014). "A tale of two diseases: the history of inflammatory bowel disease". Journal of Crohn's & Colitis. 8 (5): 341–348. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2013.09.009. PMID 24094598. S2CID 13714394.
  27. ↑ Ginzburg L (May 1986). "Regional enteritis: historical perspective (B. Crohn and L. Ginzburg)". Gastroenterology. 90 (5 Pt 1): 1310–1311. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(86)90419-1. PMID 3514360.
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