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Damascus
city, big city, populated place in Syria, national capital, largest city, ancient city
Part ofHauran Edit
Official nameدمشق Edit
Native labelدمشق Edit
Official languageArabic Edit
CountrySyria Edit
Capital ofSyria Edit
Edey de administrative territorial entity insydDamascus Governorate Edit
Located in time zoneUTC+03:00 Edit
Located in or next to body of waterBarada Edit
Coordinate location33°30′47″N 36°17′31″E, 33°30′47″N 36°17′31″E Edit
Government ein headMaher Marwan Edit
Member ofOrganization of World Heritage Cities Edit
Postal code0100 Edit
Dema official websitehttp://www.damascus.gov.sy/ Edit
History of topictimeline of Damascus history Edit
Time of earliest written record2500 BCE Edit
Local dialing code011 Edit
Category for the view of the itemCategory:Views of Damascus Edit
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of Damascus Edit

Damascus be de capital den largest city of Syria.[1][2] E be de oldest capital city insyd de world. Known colloquially in Syria as aš-Šām wey dem dub, poetically, de "City of Jasmine" (مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ, Madīnat al-Yāsmīn),[3] Damascus be a major cultural center of de Levant den de Arab world.

E dey situate insyd southwestern Syria, Damascus be de center of a large metropolitan area. Nestled among de eastern foothills of de Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from de eastern shore of de Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230 ft) above sea level, Damascus dey experience an arid climate secof de rain shadow effect. De Barada River dey flow thru Damascus.

Damascus be one of de oldest continuously inhabited cities insyd de world.[4] First settled insyd de 3rd millennium BC, dem choose am as de capital of de Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. After de victory of de Abbasid dynasty, dem move de seat of Islamic power to Baghdad. According to sam, Damascus be de fourth holiest city insyd Islam.[5][6][7] De city see ein importance decline thru out de Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance insyd de Ayyubid den Mamluk periods.

Today, e be de seat of de central government of Syria. Dem name Damascus de least livable city out of 140 global cities insyd de Global Liveability Ranking.[8] As of June 2023, e be de least livable out of 173 global cities insyd de same Global Liveability Ranking. Insyd 2017, dem launch two development projects insyd Damascus to build new residential districts, Marota City den Basillia City to symbolize post-war reconstruction.[9]

Historical sites

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Walls den gates of Damascus

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De Old City of Damascus plus an approximate area of 86.12 hectares[10] be surrounded by ramparts on de northern den eastern sides den part of de southern side. Der be seven extant city gates, de oldest of wich dey date back to de Roman period. Dese be, clockwise from de north of de citadel:

  • Bab al-Faradis ("de gate of de orchards", anaa "of de paradise")
  • Bab al-Salam ("de gate of peace"), all on de north boundary of de Old City
  • Bab Tuma ("Touma" anaa "Thomas's Gate") insyd de north-east corner, wey dey lead into de Christian quarter of de same name,
  • Bab Sharqi ("eastern gate") insyd de east wall, de only one to retain ein Roman plan
  • Bab Kisan insyd de south-east
  • Bab al-Saghir (De Small Gate)
  • Bab al-Jabiya at de entrance to Souk Midhat Pasha, insyd de southwest.

Oda areas outsyd de walled city sanso bear de name "gate": Bab al-Faraj, Bab Mousalla den Bab Sreija, both to de south-west of de walled city.

Churches insyd de old city

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  • Chapel of Saint Paul
  • House of Saint Ananias
  • Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus
  • Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady
  • Saint John the Damascene Church
  • Saint Paul's Laura
  • Saint George's Syriac Orthodox Cathedral

Islamic sites insyd de old city

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  • Umayyad Mosque, dem sanso know as de Great Mosque of Damascus
  • Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque
  • Bab Saghir Cemetery
  • Mausoleum of Saladin
  • Nabi Habeel Mosque

Madrasas

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  • Al-Adiliyah Madrasa
  • Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa
  • Az-Zahiriyah Library
  • Nur al-Din Madrasa

Khans

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  • Khan Jaqmaq
  • Khan As'ad Pasha
  • Khan Sulayman Pasha

Old Damascene houses

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  • Azm Palace
  • Bayt al-Aqqad
  • Bayt Farhi
  • Maktab Anbar[11]
  • Beit al-Mamlouka

State of old Damascus

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In spite of de recommendations of de UNESCO World Heritage Center:[12]

  • Souq al-Atiq, a protected buffer zone, dem destroy insyd three days insyd November 2006;
  • King Faysal Street, a traditional hand-craft region insyd a protected buffer zone near de walls of Old Damascus between de Citadel den Bab Touma, be threatened by a proposed motorway.
  • Insyd 2007, de Old City of Damascus den notably de district of Bab Tuma be recognized by The World Monument Fund as one of de most endangered sites insyd de world.[13]

Insyd October 2010, Global Heritage Fund name Damascus one of 12 cultural heritage sites most "on the verge" of irreparable loss den destruction.[14]

Geography

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Climate

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Climate data for Damascus (Damascus International Airport) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.2
(73.8)		 28.0
(82.4)		 34.4
(93.9)		 37.6
(99.7)		 41.4
(106.5)		 45.0
(113.0)		 45.8
(114.4)		 44.8
(112.6)		 44.6
(112.3)		 38.0
(100.4)		 31.0
(87.8)		 25.1
(77.2)		 45.8
(114.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.1
(55.6)		 15.3
(59.5)		 20.0
(68.0)		 25.3
(77.5)		 30.9
(87.6)		 35.3
(95.5)		 37.8
(100.0)		 37.6
(99.7)		 34.6
(94.3)		 29.0
(84.2)		 20.6
(69.1)		 14.8
(58.6)		 26.2
(79.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6)		 7.8
(46.0)		 11.0
(51.8)		 15.5
(59.9)		 20.2
(68.4)		 24.4
(75.9)		 26.3
(79.3)		 26.0
(78.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 18.1
(64.6)		 11.8
(53.2)		 7.2
(45.0)		 16.6
(61.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.8
(33.4)		 2.0
(35.6)		 4.8
(40.6)		 8.0
(46.4)		 12.1
(53.8)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.6
(65.5)		 18.6
(65.5)		 15.3
(59.5)		 11.0
(51.8)		 5.2
(41.4)		 1.9
(35.4)		 9.5
(49.1)
Record low °C (°F) −10.8
(12.6)		 −12
(10)		 −6
(21)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 1.4
(34.5)		 6.2
(43.2)		 10.5
(50.9)		 9.5
(49.1)		 3.5
(38.3)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −8.6
(16.5)		 −8.8
(16.2)		 −12.0
(10.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26.0
(1.02)		 22.4
(0.88)		 13.9
(0.55)		 5.6
(0.22)		 4.8
(0.19)		 0.3
(0.01)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.3
(0.01)		 6.3
(0.25)		 21.4
(0.84)		 23.6
(0.93)		 124.7
(4.91)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4.8 4.4 2.6 1.3 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 3.3 4.2 23.0
Average snowy days 1 1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.3
Average relative humidity (%) 76 69 59 50 43 41 44 48 47 52 63 75 56
Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.3 182.0 226.3 249.0 322.4 357.0 365.8 353.4 306.0 266.6 207.0 164.3 3,164.1
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.3 6.5 7.3 8.3 10.4 11.9 11.8 11.4 10.2 8.6 6.9 5.3 8.5
Average ultraviolet index 3 4 6 8 10 12 12 11 9 6 4 3 7
Source: NOAA (mean temperature 1961–1990, humidity and sun 1970–1990)[15][16]


Demographics

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Education

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  • Damascus University
  • Syrian Virtual University
  • International University for Science and Technology
  • Syrian Private University[17]
  • Arab International University
  • University of Kalamoon
  • Yarmouk Private University
  • Wadi International University
  • Al-Jazeera University[18]
  • European University Damascus
  • Higher Institute of Business Administration
  • Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology
  • Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts
  • National Institute of Administration
  • Syrian International Academy for Training and Development

Twin towns – sisto cities

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References

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  1. ↑ Constitutional Declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic - Article 5: "Damascus is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic, and the state emblem and national anthem are determined by law."
  2. ↑ "2004 official census".
  3. ↑ "Biggest Cities In Syria". 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  4. ↑ Bowker, John (2003-01-01), "Damascus", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (in English), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.1793 (inactive 3 July 2025), ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7, archived from the original on 7 April 2022, retrieved 2021-01-15{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  5. ↑ Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). "Damascus". In Janet L. Abu-Lughod (ed.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 119–126. ISBN 978-1-5760-7919-5. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  6. ↑ Birke, Sarah (2013-08-02), Damascus: What's Left, New York Review of Books, archived from the original on 4 December 2018, retrieved 12 May 2021
  7. ↑ Totah, Faedah M. (2009). "Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus". City & Society. 21 (1): 58–81. doi:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x.
  8. ↑ Buckley, Julia (2019-09-04). "World's most livable city revealed". CNN Travel (in English). Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  9. ↑ "A luxury city shows blueprint for Syria's rebuilding plans". AP News (in English). 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
  10. ↑ "Ancient City of Damascus". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  11. ↑ "Archnet, Maktab Anbar Restoration". Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  12. ↑ "The British Syrian Society". The British Syrian Society. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  13. ↑ "Worldmonuments.org". Worldmonuments.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2002. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  14. ↑ "GHF". Global Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  15. ↑ "Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  16. ↑ "Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2017-10-09. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  17. ↑ "Syrian Private University" (in English). Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  18. ↑ "Aljazeera Private University". jude.edu.sy. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri". ankara.bel.tr (in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  20. ↑ "Care-i cel mai... înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara..." banatulazi.ro (in Romanian). Banatul Azi. 2016-08-06. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  21. ↑ "Convenios Internacionales". buenosaires.gob.ar (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  22. ↑ "Las 12 hermanas de Córdoba". diariocordoba.com (in Spanish). Diario Córdoba. 2020-02-10. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  23. ↑ "Internationale samenwerking". ajmannews.ae (in Arabic). Ajman News. 2019-12-16. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  24. ↑ "Sister Cities of Istanbul". greatistanbul.com. Istanbul. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  25. ↑ "Toledo's sister cities". destinotoledo.com. Destino Toledo. 2016-05-17. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  26. ↑ "Sister cities". yerevan.am. Yerevan. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
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Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damascus&oldid=93988"