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DaxibotulinumtoxinA

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daxibotulinumtoxinA
Medication

Botulinum toxin, botulinum neurotoxin, anaa botox be a neurotoxic protein wey de bacterium Clostridium botulinum den related species produce, wey e be considered de deadliest known natural substance ever recorded insyd chemical literature.[1][2][3][4] E dey prevent de release of de neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at de neuromuscular junction, thus dey cause flaccid paralysis.[5] De toxin dey cause de disease botulism.[6] Botulinum toxin be an acetylcholine release inhibitor den a neuromuscular blocking agent.[7][8] Botulinum toxin be developed as a biological agent by de Soviet, United States, den Iraqi biological weapons programs. Insyd strongly diluted form, de toxin sanso be used for medical den cosmetic purposes.[9][10]

De seven main types of botulinum toxin dem name be types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).[9][11] New types occasionally be found.[12][13][14] Types A den B be capable of causing disease insyd humans, wey sanso be used commercially den medically.[15][16][17] Types C–G be less common.

Insyd 2025, de structure of de complete 14 subunit botulinum neurotoxin complex (L-PTC) be solved.[18]

Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex (L-PTC)
De toxin complex (L-PTC) plus ein 14 components. De toxin einself be colored pink den dey sit at de top of de complex. De structure dey consist of tens of thousands of atoms, den hie only de surface of de complex be shown.[18]

Intoxication fi occur naturally as a result of either wound anaa intestinal infection anaa by ingesting formed toxin insyd chow. De estimated human median lethal dose of type A toxin be 1.3–2.1 ng/kg intravenously anaa intramuscularly, 10–13 ng/kg wen dem inhale, anaa 1 μg/kg wen dem take by mouth.[19]

References

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  1. ↑ Montecucco C, Molgó J (June 2005). "Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 5 (3): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006. PMID 15907915.
  2. ↑ Košenina S, Masuyer G, Zhang S, Dong M, Stenmark P (June 2019). "Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum-like toxin". FEBS Letters. 593 (12): 1403–1410. doi:10.1002/1873-3468.13446. PMID 31111466.
  3. ↑ Dhaked RK, Singh MK, Singh P, Gupta P (November 2010). "Botulinum toxin: bioweapon & magic drug". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 132 (5): 489–503. doi:10.4103/IJMR.2010_132_05_489. PMC 3028942. PMID 21149997.
  4. ↑ Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C (August 2014). "Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 12 (8): 535–549. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3295. PMID 24975322.
  5. ↑ Figgitt DP, Noble S (2002). "Botulinum toxin B: a review of its therapeutic potential in the management of cervical dystonia". Drugs. 62 (4): 705–722. doi:10.2165/00003495-200262040-00011. PMID 11893235. S2CID 46981635.
  6. ↑ Shukla HD, Sharma SK (2005). "Clostridium botulinum: a bug with beauty and weapon". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 31 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1080/10408410590912952. PMID 15839401. S2CID 2855356.
  7. ↑ "DailyMed - LETYBO- letibotulinumtoxina-wlbg injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-07-17.
  8. ↑ "DailyMed - DAXXIFY- botulinum toxin type a injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-07-17.
  9. 1 2 Janes LE, Connor LM, Moradi A, Alghoul M (April 2021). "Current Use of Cosmetic Toxins to Improve Facial Aesthetics". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 147 (4): 644e – 657e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000007762. PMID 33776040. S2CID 232408799.
  10. ↑ Al-Ghamdi AS, Alghanemy N, Joharji H, Al-Qahtani D, Alghamdi H (January 2015). "Botulinum toxin: Non cosmetic and off-label dermatological uses". Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery. 19 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jdds.2014.06.002.
  11. ↑ Rosales RL, Bigalke H, Dressler D (February 2006). "Pharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparations". European Journal of Neurology. 13 (Suppl 1): 2–10. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01438.x. PMID 16417591. S2CID 32387953.
  12. ↑ Zhang S, Masuyer G, Zhang J, Shen Y, Lundin D, Henriksson L, Miyashita SI, Martínez-Carranza M, Dong M, Stenmark P (2017-08-03). "Identification and characterization of a novel botulinum neurotoxin". Nature Communications (in English). 8 (1) 14130. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814130Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms14130. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5543303. PMID 28770820.
  13. ↑ "Botulism toxin X: Time to update the textbooks, thanks to genomic sequencing". Boston Children's Hospital. 7 August 2017. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  14. ↑ "Study: Novel botulinum toxin less dangerous than thought". Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy (CIDRAP). University of Minnesota. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  15. ↑ Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK (March 2020). "Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials". JBJS Reviews. 8 (3) e0119. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119. PMC 7161716. PMID 32224633.
  16. ↑ Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA (October 2019). "Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (10) CD001408. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2. PMC 6779591. PMID 31591703.
  17. ↑ American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (27 October 2011). "OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Monograph for Professionals". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  18. 1 2 Krč A, Košenina SP, Nowakowska MB, Masuyer G, Stenmark P (2025-08-29). "Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex reveals a unique anchoring through the narrow central pore of HA70". Science Advances (in English). 11 (35) eadx5058. Bibcode:2025SciA...11.5058K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adx5058. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 12383256. PMID 40864696.
  19. ↑ Arnon SS, Schechter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Fine AD, Hauer J, Layton M, Lillibridge S, Osterholm MT, O'Toole T, Parker G, Perl TM, Russell PK, Swerdlow DL, Tonat K (February 2001). "Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management". JAMA. 285 (8): 1059–1070. doi:10.1001/jama.285.8.1059. PMID 11209178.

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