Jump to content

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

From Wikipedia
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
United Nations General Assembly resolution
TitleUnited Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Edit
Foundational textUnited Nations General Assembly Resolution 61/295 Edit
Publication date13 September 2007 Edit
Work available at URLhttp://www.un.org/ga/search/viewm_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/61/295, https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/files/A-RES-61-295.shtml Edit

De Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP anaa DOTROIP[1]) be a legally non-binding United Nations resolution passed by de United Nations insyd 2007 dat delineates den define de individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples, wey include ein ownership rights, cultural and ceremonial expression, identity, language, employment, health, education, den oda issues. Ein ownership sanso extend to de protection of ein Indigenous intellectual property.[2] De declaration "emphasizes de rights of Indigenous peoples to maintain den strengthen ein own institutions, cultures den traditions, den to pursue ein development insyd keeping plus ein own needs den aspirations."[3] E dey "prohibit discrimination against indigenous peoples den promotes ein full den effective participation insyd all matters dat concern them, den ein right to remain distinct den to pursue ein own visions of economic den social development".[3][4]

De goal of de declaration to encourage countries to work alongside indigenous peoples to solve global issues, such as development, multicultural, democracy, den decentralization.[3]

On Thursday, September 13, 2007, de United Nations dey vote by a vast majority of 143 insyd favor (4 against, 11 abstained, den 34 absent) of de declaration.[5][6]

Since 2007, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, den de United States have reversed dema positions den now support de declaration. As of February 2020, de United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Indigenous Peoples describe (A/RES/61/295) as "...de most comprehensive international instrument on de rights of indigenous peoples. E dey establish a universal framework of minimum standards for de survival, dignity den well-being of de indigenous peoples of de world den e elaborate on existing human rights standards den fundamental freedoms as they apply to de specific situation of indigenous peoples."[7]

As a United Nations General Assembly declaration, UNDRIP be not a legally binding instrument under international law.[3][8] According to a UN press release e do "represent de dynamic development of international legal norms den e reflect de commitment of de UN ein member states to move insyd certain directions"; de UN dey describe as setting "an important standard for de treatment of indigenous peoples dat will undoubtedly be a significant tool toward eliminating human rights violations against de planet ein 370 million indigenous people, den assisting them insyd combating discrimination den marginalization."

UNDRIP codify "Indigenous historical grievances, contemporary challenges den socio-economic, political den cultural aspirations" den be de "culmination of generations-long efforts by Indigenous organizations to get international attention, to secure recognition for ein aspirations, den to generate support for ein political agendas."[9] Ken Coates, a Canada Research Chair den faculty member at de University of Saskatchewan, argue dat UNDRIP resonate powerfully plus indigenous peoples, while national governments have not yet fully understood ein impact.[9][10]

History

[edit | edit source]

De groundwork toward dis declaration begin insyd 1923 den 1925 plus de works of Haudenosaunee Chief Deskaheh den Māori religious leader T. W. Ratana, who attempt to bring issues of Canada den New Zealand ein failure to uphold treaties to de League of Nations, United Nations ein precursor.[11][12] Issues of indigenous peoples on a world scale begin to be reevaluated insyd 1982 plus de establishment of de Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, formed by de Economic den Social Council (ECOSOC). Ein goal be to create an overarching document dat would help protect de rights den privileges of indigenous peoples throughout de world.[2]

De declaration dey go through numerous drafts from 1994, after a version had already been recommended by de Vienna Declaration den Programme of Action insyd 1993,[13] to 2006,[2] when de draft of de declaration be adopted den ein adoption at de United Nations General Assembly was recommended by de United Nations Human Rights Council.[14]

On Thursday, September 13, 2007, de United Nations voted by a vast majority of 143 insyd favor (4 against, 11 abstained, den 34 absent) of de declaration. Insyd May 2016, Canada officially remove ein objector status to UNDRIP, almost a decade after it was adopted by de General Assembly. By 2016, Australia, New Zealand, den de United States of America, who had sana voted against de declaration, had reverse ein positions den expressed support.[5][15]

Current applications

[edit | edit source]

Implementations

[edit | edit source]

Canada has processes underway to better recognize den realize insyd practice de rights of indigenous peoples.[16]

Denial of the existence of indigenous peoples

[edit | edit source]

Several states do not recognize indigenous ethnic minorities insyd ein territories as being indigenous peoples, den simply refer to them as ethnic minorities. Many of these ethnic minorities be marginalized from de majority ethnic population insyd relative social, economic den political performance measures, den ein indigenous rights be poorly protected. UNDRIP signatories dat disregard de intent outlined insyd UNDRIP articles include de People's Republic of China[17] den de Socialist Republic of Vietnam.[18]

Purpose

[edit | edit source]

Due to de past den ongoing violence den abuse of indigenous individuals den peoples, de UN created dis non-legally binding declaration[3][8] as an aspiration for how indigenous individuals den peoples should be treated.

Dis declaration be a resolution, meaning e be not a law-bearing document. Indigenous peoples be not considered political nation-states den do not have access to international law protection through de international court of justice. Article 40 states dat indigenous peoples have de right to fair procedures for de resolution of conflicts den disputes plus countries or oda parties. Because indigenous people cannot use de International Court of Justice, UNDRIP has no indication of which judicial power indigenous peoples be to bring disputes to.[8]

De declaration ein purpose be not to create new rights, but rather addresses topics such as indigenous reconciliation insyd regard to restoring den protecting culture, traditions, den indigenous institutions, den de pursuit of self-determined development.[19]

Content

[edit | edit source]

De declaration be structured as a United Nations resolution, plus 23 preambular clauses den 46 articles. Most articles include an aspiration for how de State should promote den protect de rights of indigenous people (see Provision for further explanation). Major themes of de articles include:[20]

  • Rights of self-determination of indigenous individuals and peoples (articles 1–8; 33–34)
    • The difference is between the individual and people's group
    • Indigenous peoples and individuals have the right not to be subjected to forced assimilation or destruction of their culture.
  • Rights of indigenous individuals den people to protect ein culture through practices, languages, education, media, den religion, dey include control of ein intellectual property (articles 9–15, 16, 25, and 31)
  • Asserts de indigenous peoples ein right to own type of governance den to economic development (articles 17–21, 35–37)
  • Health rights (articles 23–24)
  • Protection of subgroups ex. elderly, women, den children (article 22)
  • Land rights from ownership (wey include reparation, or return of land i.e. article 10) to environmental issues (articles 26–30, and 32)
  • Dictates how dis document should be understood insyd future reference (articles 38–46).

Provisions

[edit | edit source]

De opening den article 2 of de declaration provide that "indigenous peoples are equal to all oda peoples" (source). Besides asserting the rights dat indigenous individuals den peoples have as oda peoples, there be articles (23 of the 46) pointing to how States should interact plus de declaration. Most of de articles point to States working insyd conjunction plus de indigenous peoples. Some measures countries be suggested to take are:[20]

  • To return land (article 26), ceremonial objects (article 12), den human remains (article 12)
  • To place "programmes for monitoring, maintaining, den restoring de health of indigenous peoples" (article 29)
  • To protect den uphold de rights of indigenous individuals den peoples (subpoint insyd many articles; see Declaration)

Negotiation den adoption

[edit | edit source]

De declaration be over 25 years insyd de making. De idea originated insyd 1982 when de UN Economic den Social Council (ECOSOC) set up ein Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), established as a result of a study by Special Rapporteur José Ricardo Martínez Cobo on de problem of discrimination faced by indigenous peoples. Tasked plus developing human rights standards dat would protect indigenous peoples, insyd 1985 de working group begin working on drafting de declaration on de Rights of Indigenous Peoples. De draft be finished insyd 1993 and be submitted to de Sub-Commission on de Prevention of Discrimination den Protection of Minorities, which dey give ein approval de following year. During dis de International Labour Organization adopted de Indigenous den Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (C169).

De draft declaration be then referred to de Commission on Human Rights, which established anoda working group to examine ein terms. Over de following years dis working group meet on 11 occasions to examine den fine-tune de draft declaration den ein provisions. Progress be slow because of certain states ein concerns regarding some key provisions of de declaration, such as indigenous peoples ein right to self-determination den de control over natural resources existing on indigenous peoples dema traditional lands.[21] De final version of de declaration be adopted on June 29, 2006, by de 47-member Human Rights Council (de successor body to de Commission on Human Rights), plus 30 member states insyd favour, 2 against, 12 abstentions, den 3 absentees.[22]

De declaration (document A/61/L.67) be then referred to de General Assembly, which voted on de adoption of de proposal on September 13, 2007, during ein 61st regular session.[5][23]

Na de vote be as follows:

Vote Quantity Countries
Approve 143 Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe[24]
Reject 4 Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and United States[24]
Abstain 11 Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Colombia, Georgia, Kenya, Nigeria, Russian Federation, Samoa, and Ukraine[24]
Absent 34 Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Israel, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tajikistan, Togo, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uzbekistan, and Vanuatu[24]

All four member states dat voted against have ein origins as settler colonies of de British Empire, den have a majority of non-indigenous population. Since then, all four countries have moved to endorse de declaration insyd some informal way insyd which e would not actually become binding law pleadable insyd court. Canada, under a Conservative Party leadership made official public statements against de application of de UNDRIP insyd Canada.[25]

However, de Liberal Government dey elect to leadership insyd 2015, has unequivocally indicated Canada ein support for UNDRIP. On December 3, 2020, Bill C-15 be introduced to de House of Commons dat would bring Canadian law into alignment plus de UN resolution.[26][27] Bill C-15 passed Canada ein senate on June 16, 2021, den receive royal assent on June 21, 2021, to become law. Insyd doing so Canada become de first of de four countries dat originally voted against de UNDRIP to adopt it into law.[28]

Australian Government interventions have been challenged under ein terms without success.[29]

Three abstaining countries, Colombia, Samoa, den Ukraine have since endorsed de document.[30][31]

Support den compromises

[edit | edit source]

Insyd contrast to de declaration ein initial rejection by Australia, Canada, New Zealand den de United States over legal concerns (all four countries later switched their positions to accepting de declaration as a non-legally-binding document), United Nations officials den oda world leaders express pleasure at ein adoption. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon describe it as a "historic moment when UN Member States den indigenous peoples have reconciled plus ein painful histories den be resolved to move forward together on de path of human rights, justice den development for all." Louise Arbour, a former justice of de Supreme Court of Canada then serving as de UN ein High Commissioner for Human Rights, dey express satisfaction at de hard work den perseverance dat had finally "borne fruit insyd de most comprehensive statement to date of indigenous peoples dema rights."[4] Similarly, news of de declaration ein adoption be greeted with jubilation insyd Africa[32] den, present at de General Assembly session insyd New York, Bolivian foreign minister David Choquehuanca say dat he hoped de member states dat had voted against or abstained would reconsider ein refusal to support a document he describe as being as important as de Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[33] Bolivia has become de first country to approve de U.N. declaration of indigenous rights. Evo Morales, President of Bolivia, stated, "We be de first country to turn dis declaration into a law den dat be important, brothers den sisters. We recognize den salute de work of our representatives. But if we were to remember de indigenous fight clearly, many of us who are sensitive would end up crying insyd remembering de discrimination, de scorn."

Stephen Corry, director of de international indigenous rights organization Survival International, say, "De declaration has been debated for nearly a quarter century. Years which have seen many tribal peoples, such as de Akuntsu den Kanoê insyd Brazil, decimated den others, such as de Innu insyd Canada, dey bring to de edge. Governments dat oppose it be shamefully fighting against de human rights of ein most vulnerable peoples. Claims they make to support human rights insyd oda areas will be seen as hypocritical."[34]

De Australian Institute of Aboriginal den Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) formally acknowledges den upholds de principles of de declaration insyd both ein Collection Access den Use Policy[35] den ein Guidelines for Ethical Research insyd Australian Indigenous Studies.[36]

Criticism

[edit | edit source]

Prior to de adoption of de declaration, den throughout de 62nd session of de General Assembly, a number of countries expressed concern about some key issues, such as self-determination, access to lands, territories den resources den de lack of a clear definition of de term "indigenous".[37] Insyd addition to those intending to vote against de adoption of de declaration, a group of African countries represented by Namibia proposed to defer action, to hold further consultations, den to conclude consideration of de declaration by September 2007.[38] Ultimately, after agreeing on some adjustments to de draft declaration, a vast majority of states recognized dat these issues could be addressed by each country at de national level.

By opposing countries

[edit | edit source]

De four states dat voted against continued to express serious reservations about de final text of de declaration as placed before de General Assembly. All four opposing countries later changed ein vote insyd favour of de declaration.

Australia

[edit | edit source]

De Australian Government opposed de declaration insyd de General Assembly vote of 2007, but has since endorse de declaration. Australia ein Mal Brough, Minister for Families, Community Services den Indigenous Affairs, referring to de provision regarding de upholding of indigenous peoples ein customary legal systems, say dat "There should only be one law for all Australians den we should not enshrine insyd law practices dat be not acceptable insyd de modern world."

Marise Payne, Liberal Party Australian Senate for New South Wales, further elaborated on de Australian government ein objections to de declaration insyd a speech to de Australian Senate:

  • Concerns about references to self-determination den ein potential to be misconstrued.
  • Ignorance of contemporary realities concerning land den resources. "They seem, to many readers, to require de recognition of Indigenous rights to lands which be now lawfully owned by oda citizens, both Indigenous den non-Indigenous, den therefore to have some quite significant potential to impact on de rights of third parties."
  • Concerns over de extension of indigenous intellectual property rights under de declaration as unnecessary under current international den Australian law.
  • De potential abuse of the right under the declaration for indigenous peoples to unqualified consent on matters affecting them, "which implies to some readers dat they may then be able to exercise a right of veto over all matters of state, which would include national laws den de administrative measures."
  • De exclusivity of indigenous rights over intellectual, real den cultural property, dat "does not acknowledge de rights of third parties – insyd particular, ein rights to access Indigenous land den heritage den cultural objects where appropriate under national law." Furthermore, dat de declaration "fails to consider de different types of ownership den use dat can be accorded to Indigenous people den de rights of third parties to property insyd dat regard."
  • Concerns dat de declaration places indigenous customary law insyd a superior position to national law, den dat dis may "permit de exercise of practices which would not be acceptable across de board", such as customary corporal den capital punishments.

Insyd October 2007 former Australian Prime Minister John Howard pledged to hold a referendum on changing de Australian constitution to recognize Indigenous Australians if re-elected. He said dat de distinctiveness of people ein identity den ein rights to preserve ein heritage should be acknowledged.

On April 3, 2009, de Rudd Government formally endorsed de declaration.

Canada

De Canadian Government said dat while it supported de "spirit" of de declaration, it contain elements dat were "fundamentally incompatible plus Canadian Constitution", which include both de Charter of Rights den Freedoms den Section 35, which enshrines aboriginal den treaty rights. Insyd particular, de Canadian government had problems plus article 19 (which appears to require governments to secure de consent of indigenous peoples regarding matters of general public policy), den articles 26 den 28 (which could allow for de re-opening or repudiation of historically settled land claims).

New Zealand

[edit | edit source]
New Zealand delegation at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. New Zealand endorsed the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in April 2010.

For 2007 New Zealand ein Minister of Māori Affairs, Parekura Horomia, describe de declaration as "toothless", den talk say: "Der be four provisions we get problems plus, wey make de declaration fundamentally incompatible plus New Zealand ein constitutional den legal arrangements." Article 26 for particular, e talk say, "appear to require recognition of rights to lands wey now lawfully own by oda citizens, both indigenous den non-indigenous. Dis ignore contemporary reality den go be impossible to implement."[39]

For response, Māori Party leader Pita Sharples talk say e be "shameful to de extreme say New Zealand vote against de outlawing of discrimination against indigenous people; vote against justice, dignity den fundamental freedoms for all".[40]

On July 7, 2009, de Key government announce say e go support de declaration; dis, however, appear to be premature announcement by Pita Sharples, de den Minister of Māori Affairs, as de New Zealand government cautiously backtrack on Sharples ein July announcement.[41] However, on April 19, 2010, Sharples announce New Zealand ein support of de declaration for speech for New York.[42][43]

Despite no be incorporate into law, UNDRIP don begin to influence policy den judicial decisions for New Zealand. For example, de Declaration don be reference for several decisions of de Supreme Court of New Zealand den extensively for findings by de Waitangi Tribunal.[44]

On 24 November 2023, de National-led coalition agree no to recognize de declaration as having any binding legal effect on New Zealand as part of de coalition agreement. Dis coalition government sanso agree to stop all work on He Puapua, wey be report on implementing de goals of UNDRIP for New Zealand.[45]

United States

[edit | edit source]

Speaking for de United States mission to de UN, spokesman Benjamin Chang talk say, "Wetin dem do today no be clear. De way e stand now be subject to multiple interpretations den no establish clear universal principle."[46] De U.S. mission sanso issue floor document, "Observations of de United States with respect to de Declaration on de Rights of Indigenous Peoples", setting out ein objections to de declaration. Most of dese be based on de same points as de three oda countries ein rejections but, for addition, de United States draw attention to de declaration ein failure to provide clear definition of exactly whom de term "indigenous peoples" be intend to cover.[47]

On December 16, 2010, President Obama declare say de United States go "lend ein support" to de declaration. De decision be announce during de second White House Tribal Nations Conference, wer e talk say e dey "working hard to live up to" de name wey dem give am by de Crow Nation: "One Who Helps People Throughout de Land." Obama don tell Native American leaders say e want to improve de "nation-to-nation" relationship between de United States den de tribes den repair broken promises. Today, der be more dan 560 Indian tribes[48] for de United States wey dem recognize for de federal level, plus chaw additional sixty-plus tribes wey dem recognize for de state level. Chaw don get representatives for de White House conference den applaud Obama ein announcement.[49]

De Obama administration ein decision come after three consultation meetings plus Native Americans den more dan 3,000 written comments on de subject.[50] De support of de government sanso include several interpretations of de meaning of de declaration. For de view of de United States government, de declaration advance "new den distinct international concept of self-determination specific to indigenous peoples," wey no be de same as de existing concept for international law.[50] De statement sanso interpret free, prior den informed consent, "wey de United States understand to call for process of meaningful consultation plus tribal leaders, but no necessarily de agreement of dose leaders, before de actions wey dem address for dose consultations be take."[50]

By supporting countries

[edit | edit source]

United Kingdom

[edit | edit source]

Speaking on behalf of de United Kingdom Government, UK Ambassador den Deputy Permanent Representative to de United Nations, Karen Pierce, "emphasize say de Declaration be non-legally binding den no propose to get any retroactive application on historical episodes. National minority groups den oda ethnic groups within de territory of de United Kingdom den ein overseas territories no fall within de scope of de indigenous peoples to wey de Declaration apply."[51]

De UK position be sanso allegedly intend to prevent formal appeal of Canadian decisions to UK courts: Canadian indigenous peoples never accept de 1982 constitution for wey such appeal (regarding early treaties wey dem make plus de Crown of de British Empire) be cut off. Under de prior 1867 constitution, 1920s Dominion of Canada den earlier law, wey continue to apply to dese peoples den treaties, de UNDRIP allegedly fi be pled for UK court for conflicts between treaty den Canadian law. Calls to pursue dis approach don be common among Canadian First Nations people.[52]

Finland

[edit | edit source]

Finland sign de International Declaration on de Rights of Indigenous Peoples when dem originally put am forward.[53][54] However de reindeer owners den Forest Administration (Metsähallitus) get long dispute for de area of de forests.[55] De UN Human Rights Committee order de Finnish State to stop logging for chaw of de disputed areas.[56][57]

Abstentions

[edit | edit source]

Russian Federation

[edit | edit source]

De Russian Federation never reverse ein abstention from de adoption of de UNDRIP. During de first review cycle of de Universal Periodic Review of 2009, e don accept recommendation by Mexico to "comply plus de principles wey contain for de Declaration", yet for de second cycle, 2013, e reject almost identical recommendation by Estonia, claiming say ein own legislation already be more advance dan de provisions of de UNDRIP.[58]

Ukraine

[edit | edit source]

Ukraine, wey initially abstain from adopting de declaration, change ein approach to indigenous issues for response to de recent annexation of Crimea, asserting say Crimean Tatars be indigenous people. For May 2014, de country formally endorse de UNDRIP.[31][59] On June 1, 2021, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine pass de law "On de Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine", regarding de status of Crimean Tatars, Crimean Karaites, den Krymchaks, wey make reference to de UNDRIP.[60]

Pacific Island states

[edit | edit source]

Ten UN member states for de Pacific, all plus indigenous majorities, be absent from de assembly for de time of de vote: Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.

[edit | edit source]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ "DOTROIP-24-2-PDF" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. "Frequently Asked Questions – Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "United Nations adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples". United Nations News Centre. 13 September 2007. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "General Assembly adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples; 'Major Step Forward' towards human rights for all, says President". UN General Assembly GA/10612. 13 September 2007. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  6. ↑ Reyhner, J.; Singh, N. (2010). "Cultural genocide in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States". Indigenous Policy Journal. S2CID 141340015.
  7. ↑ "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Barnabas, Sylvanus Gbendazhi (2017-12-07). "The Legal Status of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) in Contemporary International Human Rights Law". International Human Rights Law Review. 6 (2): 253. doi:10.1163/22131035-00602006. ISSN 2213-1027.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Coates, Ken (September 18, 2013), Ken Coates; Terry Mitchell (eds.), From aspiration to inspiration: UNDRIP finding deep traction in Indigenous communities, The Rise of the Fourth World, The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), archived from the original on September 23, 2013, retrieved September 20, 2013
  10. ↑ Ferguson, Mark (October 12, 2011). "News". News.usask.ca. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  11. ↑ "Canada's Forgotten Founders: The Modern Significance of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Application for Membership in the League of Nations » Grand River Country". grandrivercountry.org (in American English). January 18, 2016. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  12. ↑ Corntassel, Jeff (2008). "Toward Sustainable Self-Determination: Rethinking the Contemporary Indigenous-Rights Discourse". Alternatives: Global, Local, Political (in English). 33 (1): 105–132. doi:10.1177/030437540803300106. S2CID 55864113.
  13. ↑ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II, paragraph 29
  14. ↑ "The Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: a vital turning point in international human rights protection". Amnesty International. July 31, 2006. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  15. ↑ "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples". www.un.org. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
  16. ↑ "Canada: Implementation of UNDRIP is now the law". June 29, 2021.
  17. ↑ "China & the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Tibetan Case". May 27, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Denied Recognition: Vietnam's refusal to recognize the indigenous and religious rights of the Khmer Krom".
  19. ↑ Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. "FAQ: B.C. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act – Province of British Columbia". www2.gov.bc.ca. Archived from the original on November 23, 2021. Retrieved 2019-11-15.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: United Nations Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 13 September 2007" (PDF). United Nations. 2007. pp. 22–23.
  21. ↑ Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Adopted by the Human Rights Council on 29 June 2006 Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.
  22. ↑ UN Human Rights Council adopts documents on disappearances and indigenous peoples Archived September 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine United Nations News Centre, 29 June 2006.
  23. ↑ Indigenous rights outlined by UN Archived September 28, 2013, ay the Wayback Machine BBC News, 13 September 2007.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples Archived September 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine United Nations News Centre, 13 September 2007.
  25. ↑ "Canada's Opposition to UNDRIP". Archived from the original on November 30, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Liberals introduce bill to implement UN Indigenous rights declaration | CBC News". CBC (in American English). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  27. ↑ "LEGISinfo – House Government Bill C-15 (43–2)". www.parl.ca. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  28. ↑ Aiello, Rachel (2021-06-16). "Bill to align Canadian law with UN Indigenous rights declaration passes to become law". CTVNews (in English). Retrieved 2021-06-17.
  29. ↑ "UW Law Digital Commons" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  30. ↑ UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Don't Cry for Us Ukraina! (Ukraine) Archived June 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, International Committee for Crimea, Inc Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  32. ↑ Africa: Jubilation as UN Approves Indigenous Peoples Declaration Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine AllAfrica.com, 13 September 2007.
  33. ↑ Aprueba ONU declaración de derechos indígenas Archived March 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine El Universal, 13 September 2007.
  34. ↑ Survival International. "After 22 years, UN votes on indigenous peoples declaration". Archived from the original on April 29, 2010.
  35. ↑ "AIATSIS Collection Access and Use Policy" (PDF). AIATSIS. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  36. ↑ "Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies". AIATSIS. January 16, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Video Discussions on the Indigenous Peoples Rights Declaration". sommerfilms – Rebecca Sommer. May 19, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  38. ↑ Crook, John R. (2007). "United States Joins Australia and New Zealand in Criticizing Proposed Declaration on Indigenous Peoples' Rights". American Journal of International Law. 101 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1017/S0002930000756454. ISSN 0002-9300. S2CID 140521665. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  39. ↑ Māori Party's head in the clouds Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine New Zealand government press release, via scoop.co.nz, 14 September 2007.
  40. ↑ "NZ indigenous rights stance 'shameful' – Maori Party". Stuff.co.nz. New Zealand. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  41. ↑ "Government to endorse UN indigenous rights declaration". Stuff. New Zealand. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  42. ↑ "NZ does U-turn on rights charter". 20 April 2010.
  43. ↑ "New Zealand Statement Before 9th Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues". Archived from the original on September 8, 2010.
  44. ↑ "UNDRIP in other jurisdictions". ANTAR (in Australian English). Retrieved 2024-11-25.
  45. ↑ "Coalition Agreement with National & New Zealand First" (PDF). Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
  46. ↑ UN adopts declaration on rights for indigenous peoples worldwide Archived September 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine International Herald Tribune, 13 September 2007.
  47. ↑ Explanation of vote on the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples United States Mission to the United Nations press release, 13 September 2007.
  48. ↑ Federal Register, Volume 78, Number 87 dated May 6, 2013 Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (Template:Federal Register)
  49. ↑ "U.S. will sign U.N. declaration on rights of native people, Obama tells tribes". The Washington Post. December 16, 2010. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 [1]
  51. ↑ General Assembly Adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples; Archived September 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine at www.un.org
  52. ↑ "Aboriginal Call for Full Control of Resources in Canada Based on UNDRIP - ICTMN.com". indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2013-09-16.
  53. ↑ "UNBISnet". Unbisnet.un.org:8080. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  54. ↑ "Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples". Social.un.org. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  55. ↑ YK pyysi säästämään Nellimen porot HS 27.9.2011 A6
  56. ↑ "OHCHR | Finland / Indigenous peoples: New bill threatens Sami's rights to their traditional lands and livelihood". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  57. ↑ "Saami vs. Metsähallitus: The Case for Corporate Recognition of Indigenous Rights". www.culturalsurvival.org (in English). February 25, 2015. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
  58. ↑ Rohr, Johannes (2014). Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Federation (PDF). Human Rights Report 18. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 54. ISBN 978-87-92786-49-4.
  59. ↑ "Про Заяву Верховної Ради України щодо гарантії прав кримськотатарського народу у складі Української Держави". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  60. ↑ "Офіційний портал Верховної Ради України". w1.c1.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples&oldid=61753"