Dementia
| Subclass of | cognitive disorder, Organic brain syndrome, clinical sign, disability affecting intellectual abilities, disease  |
|---|---|
| Health specialty | psychiatry, neurology |
| Handled, mitigated, or managed by | prevention of dementia |
| ICD-9-CM | 290.8, 294.8, 294.1 |
| ICPC 2 ID | P70 |
| NCI Thesaurus ID | C4786 |
Dementia be a syndrome wey be associated plus chaw neurodegenerative diseases, wey be characterized by a general decline insyd cognitive abilities wey dey affect a person ein ability to perform everyday activities.[1] Dis typically dey involve problems plus memory, thinking, behavior, den motor control.[2] Aside from memory impairment den a disruption insyd thought patterns, de most common symptoms of dementia dey include emotional problems, difficulties plus language, den decreased motivation.[3] De symptoms fi be described as occurring insyd a continuum over several stages.[4] Dementia be a life-limiting condition, wey get a significant effect on de individual, dema caregivers, den dema social relationships in general.[3] A diagnosis of dementia dey require de observation of a change from a person ein usual mental functioning den a greater cognitive decline dan wey fi be caused by de normal aging process.[5]
Several diseases den injuries to de brain, such as a stroke, fi give rise to dementia. However, de most common cause be Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder.[3] Dementia be a neurocognitive disorder plus varying degrees of severity (mild to major) den chaw forms anaa subtypes.[6] Dementia be an acquired brain syndrome, wey be marked by a decline insyd cognitive function, wey be contrasted plus neurodevelopmental disorders.[7] Na e sanso be described as a spectrum of disorders plus subtypes of dementia based on wich known disorder cause ein development, such as Parkinson's disease for Parkinson's disease dementia, Huntington's disease for Huntington's disease dementia, vascular disease for vascular dementia, HIV infection wey dey cause HIV dementia, frontotemporal lobar degeneration for frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body disease for dementia with Lewy bodies, den prion diseases.[8] Subtypes of neurodegenerative dementias sanso fi be based on de underlying pathology of misfolded proteins, such as synucleinopathies den tauopathies.[8] De coexistence of more dan one type of dementia be known as mixed dementia.[7]
Chaw neurocognitive disorders fi be caused by anoda medical condition anaa disorder, wey dey include brain tumours den subdural hematoma, endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism den hypoglycemia, nutritional deficiencies wey dey include thiamine den niacin, infections, immune disorders, liver anaa kidney failure, metabolic disorders such as Kufs disease, sam leukodystrophies, den neurological disorders such as epilepsy den multiple sclerosis. Sam of de neurocognitive deficits sam times fi show improvement plus treatment of de causative medical condition.[9]
Diagnosis of dementia usually be based on history of de illness den cognitive testing plus imaging. Dem fi take blood tests to rule out oda possible causes wey fi be reversible, such as hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid), wey dem fi use imaging to help determine de dementia subtype den exclude oda causes.[10]
Although de greatest risk factor for developing dementia be aging, dementia no be a normal part of de aging process; chaw people aged 90 den above dey show no signs of dementia.[10] Risk factors, diagnosis den caregiving practices be influenced by cultural den socio-environmental factors.[11] Several risk factors for dementia, such as smoking den obesity, be preventable by lifestyle changes. Dem no see screening de general older population for de disorder to affect de outcome.[12]
Dementia currently be de seventh leading cause of death worldwide wey e get 10 million new cases reported every year (approximately one every three seconds).[3] Der be no known cure for dementia.[13] Dem often use acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil insyd sam dementia subtypes wey fi be beneficial in mild to moderate stages, buh de overall benefit fi be minor. Der be chaw measures wey fi improve de quality of life of a person plus dementia den dema caregivers. Cognitive den behavioral interventions fi be appropriate for treating de associated symptoms of depression.[14]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ "What Is Dementia? Symptoms, Types, and Diagnosis". National Institute on Aging (in English). 2022-12-08. Archived from the original on November 19, 2023. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
- ↑ "Dementia" (in English). World Health Organization. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- 1 2 3 4 "Dementia" (in English). World Health Organization. Retrieved September 26, 2022.
- ↑ Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA (November 2019). "Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia" (PDF). Ageing Research Reviews. 55 100956. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956. PMID 31479764. S2CID 201742825.
- ↑ Budson A, Solomon P (2011). Memory loss: a practical guide for clinicians. [Edinburgh?]: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-3597-8.
- ↑ "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
- 1 2 "What is mixed dementia". Dementia UK. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
- 1 2 Wilson H, Pagano G, Politis M (March 2019). "Dementia spectrum disorders: lessons learnt from decades with PET research". J Neural Transm (Vienna). 126 (3): 233–251. doi:10.1007/s00702-019-01975-4. PMC 6449308. PMID 30762136.
- ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 591–603. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
- 1 2 "The Dementias: Hope Through Research | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". ninds.nih.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
- ↑ Vila-Castelar, Clara; Fox-Fuller, Joshua T.; Guzmán-Vélez, Edmarie; Schoemaker, Dorothee; Quiroz, Yakeel T. (8 March 2022). "A cultural approach to dementia – insights from US Latino and other minoritized groups". Nature Reviews Neurology (in English). 18 (5): 307–314. doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00630-z. ISSN 1759-4758. PMC 9113534. PMID 35260817.
- ↑ Lin JS, O'Connor E, Rossom RC, Perdue LA, Eckstrom E (November 2013). "Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force". Annals of Internal Medicine. 159 (9): 601–612. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00730. PMID 24145578.
- ↑ Browne, Bria; Kupeli, Nuriye; Moore, Kirsten J; Sampson, Elizabeth L; Davies, Nathan (2021-06-17). "Defining end of life in dementia: A systematic review". Palliative Medicine (in English). 35 (10): 1733–1746. doi:10.1177/02692163211025457. ISSN 0269-2163. PMC 8637358. PMID 34137314.
- ↑ Orgeta V, Leung P, Del-Pino-Casado R, Qazi A, Orrell M, Spector AE, Methley AM (April 2022). "Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (4) CD009125. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009125.pub3. PMC 9035877. PMID 35466396.
Read further
[edit | edit source]- Husain, Masud; Schott, Jonathan M., eds. (2016). Oxford Textbook of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-883108-2. OCLC 1081320148.
- Lipton, Anne M.; Marshall, Cindy D. (2013). The Common Sense Guide to Dementia for Clinicians and Caregivers. New York: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4614-4162-5. OCLC 788253522.
- Mace, Nancy L.; Rabins, Peter V. (2021). The 36-Hour Day (7th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-4170-2. OCLC 1260687360.
- Rahman, Shibley; Howard, Robert (2019). Essentials of Dementia. London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78450-754-1. OCLC 1019658233.
- Menacer, Liz, ed. (2009). Eating Well with Dementia. London, England: Alzheimer's Society.
