Desalination
| Subclass of | separation process  |
|---|
Desalination be de artificial process by wich salt water (generally sea water) be converted to fresh water. More generally, desalination be de removal of salts den minerals from a substance.[1] E be possible to desalinate saltwater, especially sea water, to produce water for human consumption anaa irrigation, wey dey produce brine as a by-product.[2]
Interest insyd desalination mostly dey focus on cost-effective provision of fresh water for human use. Along plus recycled wastewater, e be one of de few water resources independent of rainfall.[3] As stress on de need for freshwater dey intensify globally, desalination cam be a key part of strategies for global water security. According to a 2019 review insyd Science of the Total Environment, around 95 million cubic meters per day of desalinated water be produced worldwide, den de demand for desalinated water be expected to grow significantly to help close de global water supply gap.
Secof ein energy consumption, desalinating sea water generally be more costly dan fresh water from surface water anaa groundwater, water recycling den water conservation. However, dese alternatives no be always available den depletion of reserves be a critical problem worldwide.[4][5][6] Desalination processes dey use either thermal methods (insyd de case of distillation) anaa membrane-based methods (e.g. insyd de case of reverse osmosis).[7][8]: 24
As of 2020, global desalination capacity stand at roughly 97 million m3/day from over 16,800 operating plants, plus contracted projects wey dey push total potential capacity beyond 114 million m3 /day worldwide.[9] Insyd 2018, na de global energy intensity of desalination be about 3 kWh/m3 (insyd 2018), wey a factor of 10 from 20–30 kWh/m3 improve insyd 1970.[8]: 24 Nevertheless, desalination represent about 25% of de energy wey de water sector consume insyd 2016.[8]: 24 Key companies insyd de desalination industry dey include Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens AG, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries Inc., den Xylem.[10]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ "Desalination" (definition), The American Heritage Science Dictionary, via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
- ↑ Panagopoulos, Argyris; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne; Loizidou, Maria (November 25, 2019). "Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies – A review". The Science of the Total Environment. 693 133545. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.69333545P. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 31374511. S2CID 199387639.
- ↑ Fischetti, Mark (September 2007). "Fresh from the Sea". Scientific American. 297 (3): 118–119. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297c.118F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118. PMID 17784633.
- ↑ Ebrahimi, Atieh; Najafpour, Ghasem D; Yousefi Kebria, Daryoush (2019). "Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions". Desalination. 432: 1. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002.
- ↑ "Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239". Science History Institute. March 19, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ↑ Elsaid, Khaled; Kamil, Mohammed; Sayed, Enas Taha; Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Wilberforce, Tabbi; Olabi, A. (2020). "Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review". Science of the Total Environment. 748 141528. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74841528E. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528. PMID 32818886.
- ↑ Cohen, Yoram (2021). "Advances in Water Desalination Technologies". Materials and Energy. Vol. 17. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. doi:10.1142/12009. ISBN 978-981-12-2697-7. ISSN 2335-6596. S2CID 224974880.
- 1 2 3 Alix, Alexandre; Bellet, Laurent; Trommsdorff, Corinne; Audureau, Iris, eds. (2022). Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how (in English). IWA Publishing. doi:10.2166/9781789063172. ISBN 978-1-78906-317-2. S2CID 250128707.
- ↑ Eke, Joyner; Yusuf, Ahmed; Giwa, Adewale; Sodiq, Ahmed (December 1, 2020). "The global status of desalination: An assessment of current desalination technologies, plants and capacity". Desalination. 495 114633. Bibcode:2020Desal.49514633E. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2020.114633. ISSN 0011-9164.
- ↑ "Desalination Market Forecast Report and Competitive Analysis 2025–2033 Featuring Acciona, Dow, Evoqua Water Technologies, Siemens, DuPont, Doosan Enerbility, Toray Industries, Xylem" (Press release) (in American English). Research and Markets. March 7, 2025. Retrieved December 8, 2025 – via GlobeNewswire News Room.
External links
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