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Dextroamphetamine

From Wikipedia
dextroamphetamine
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofDL-amphetamine Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stereoisomer of(R)-amphetamine Edit
Chemical formulaC₉H₁₃N Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)N Edit
Isomeric SMILESC[C@@H](CC1=CC=CC=C1)N Edit
Active ingredient inDexedrine, ProCentra, Zenzedi, Adderall Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namedexamfetamine Edit
Found insyd taxonVachellia rigidula Edit
Medical condition treatedattention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Edit
Significant drug interactionisocarboxazid, phenelzine, procarbazine, (±)-deprenyl, tranylcypromine Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category B3, US pregnancy category C Edit
Subject has roledopamine reuptake inhibitor, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, adrenergic uptake inhibitors, stimulant, nootropic Edit

Dextroamphetamine be a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant den enantiomer of amphetamine wey be used insyd de treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) den narcolepsy.[1][2] E sanso be used illicitly to enhance cognitive den athletic performance, den recreationally as an aphrodisiac den euphoriant. Dextroamphetamine generally be regarded as de prototypical stimulant.

De amphetamine molecule dey exist as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine den dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine be de dextrorotatory, anaa 'right-handed', enantiomer den dey exhibit more pronounced effects on de central nervous system dan levoamphetamine. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate be available as both a brand name den generic drug insyd a variety of dosage forms. Dextroamphetamine sam times be prescribed as de inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine.

Side effects of dextroamphetamine at therapeutic doses dey include elevated mood, decreased appetite, dry mouth, excessive grinding of de teeth, headache, increased heart rate, increased wakefulness anaa insomnia, anxiety, den irritability, among odas.[3] At excessive doses, psychosis (i.e., hallucinations, delusions), addiction, den rapid muscle breakdown fi occur. However, for individuals plus pre-existing psychotic disorders, der fi be a risk of psychosis even at therapeutic doses.[4]

Dextroamphetamine, like oda amphetamines, dey elicit ein stimulating effects via chaw distinct actions: e dey inhibit anaa dey reverse de transporter proteins give de monoamine neurotransmitters (namely de serotonin, norepinephrine den dopamine transporters) either via trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) anaa insyd a TAAR1 independent fashion wen der be high cytosolic concentrations of de monoamine neurotransmitters wey e dey release dese neurotransmitters[5] from synaptic vesicles via vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2).[6] E sanso dey share chaw chemical den pharmacological properties plus human trace amines, particularly phenethylamine den N-methylphenethylamine, de latter be an isomer of amphetamine dem produce within de human body. E be available as a generic medication.[7] Insyd 2022, na mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) be de 14th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 34 million prescriptions.[8][9]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ "DailyMed - DEXEDRINE SPANSULE- dextroamphetamine sulfate capsule, extended release". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-01-29.
  2. ↑ Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present—a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–96. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
  3. ↑ "Dextroamphetamine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  4. ↑ "Adderall XR- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine sulfate and amphetamine aspartate capsule, extended release". DailyMed. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  5. ↑ Miller GM (January 2011). "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity". Journal of Neurochemistry. 116 (2): 164–176. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x. PMC 3005101. PMID 21073468.
  6. ↑ Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1216 (1): 86–98. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216...86E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. PMC 4183197. PMID 21272013.
  7. ↑ "Dextroamphetamine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  8. ↑ "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  9. ↑ "Dextroamphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Saccharate; Amphetamine; Amphetamine Aspartate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
[edit | edit source]
  • "PIM 178: Dexamphetamine Sulphate)". Poison Information Monograph. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental organizations (INCHEM).
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