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Diabetes

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diabetes
class of disease, disease
Subclass ofglucose metabolism disease, endocrine system disease, autoimmune disease of endocrine system Edit
Has effectcataract, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic foot Edit
Studied byendocrinology, diabetology Edit
Dey afflictHomo sapiens Edit
Health specialtydiabetology, endocrinology Edit
Symptoms and signspolyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentchromium picolinate, voglibose, Insulin Lispro, metformin Edit
Possible medical findingspolyuric-polydipsic syndrome Edit
Risk factormaternal smoking Edit
Handled, mitigated, or managed bydiabetes management Edit
ICD-9-CM250 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC2985 Edit

Diabetes mellitus, dem commonly know as diabetes, be a group of common endocrine diseases wey be characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.[1][2] Diabetes be secof either de pancreas no dey produce enough of de hormone insulin anaa de cells of de body cam be unresponsive to insulin ein effects.[3] Classic symptoms dey include de three Ps: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), weight loss, den blurred vision. If dem lef am untreated, de disease fi lead to various health complications, wey dey include disorders of de cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, den nerves.[4] Diabetes dey account for approximately 4.2 million deaths every year,[5] plus an estimated 1.5 million wey be caused by either untreated anaa poorly treated diabetes.[1]

De major types of diabetes be type 1 den type 2.[6] De most common treatment give type 1 be insulin replacement therapy (insulin injections), while anti-diabetic medications (such as metformin den semaglutide anaa tirzepatide) den lifestyle modifications fi be used to manage type 2. Gestational diabetes, a form wey sam times dey arise during pregnancy, normally dey resolve shortly after delivery. Type 1 diabetes be an autoimmune condition wer de body ein immune system dey attack de beta cells (β-cell) insyd de pancreas, wey dey prevent de production of insulin. Dis condition typically be present from birth anaa dey develop early in life. Type 2 diabetes dey occur wen de body cam be resistant to insulin, wey dey mean de cells no dey respond effectively to am, den thus, glucose remain insyd de bloodstream instead of make e be absorbed by de cells.[7] Additionally, diabetes sanso fi result from oda specific causes, such as genetic conditions (monogenic diabetes syndromes like neonatal diabetes den maturity-onset diabetes of de young), diseases wey dey affect de pancreas (such as pancreatitis), anaa de use of certain medications den chemicals (such as glucocorticoids, oda specific drugs den after organ transplantation).[8]

Na de number of people dem diagnose as living plus diabetes increase sharply insyd recent decades, from 200 million insyd 1990 to 830 million by 2022.[9][10] E dey affect one insyd seven of de adult population, plus type 2 diabetes dey account for more dan 95% of cases. Na dese numbers already rise beyond earlier projections of 783 million adults by 2045.[11] De prevalence of de disease continue dey increase, most dramatically insyd low- den middle-income nations.[12] Rates be similar insyd women den men, wey diabetes be de seventh leading cause of death globally.[13][14] Na dem estimate de global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare US$760 billion a year.[15]

References

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  1. 1 2 "Diabetes". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  2. ↑ "Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  3. ↑ Shoback DG, Gardner D, eds. (2011). "Chapter 17". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-162243-1.
  4. ↑ Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25.
  5. ↑ "IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF). www.diabetesatlas.org. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  6. ↑ "Symptoms and Causes of Diabetes". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health. 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  7. ↑ "Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes | UVA Health". uvahealth.com. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
  8. ↑ "Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes | UVA Health". uvahealth.com. Retrieved 2025-01-27.
  9. ↑ "Diabetes". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2024-12-17.
  10. ↑ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  11. ↑ "Diabetes". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2024-12-17.
  12. ↑ De Silva, Ambepitiyawaduge Pubudu; De Silva, Sudirikku Hennadige Padmal; Haniffa, Rashan; Liyanage, Isurujith Kongala; Jayasinghe, Saroj; Katulanda, Prasad; Wijeratne, Chandrika Neelakanthi; Wijeratne, Sumedha; Rajapaksa, Lalini Chandika (17 April 2018). "Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country". International Journal for Equity in Health. 17 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3. ISSN 1475-9276. PMC 5905173. PMID 29665834.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ↑ Vos, Theo; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Naghavi, Mohsen; Lozano, Rafael; Michaud, Catherine; Ezzati, Majid; Shibuya, Kenji; Salomon, Joshua A.; Abdalla, Safa; Aboyans, Victor; Abraham, Jerry; Ackerman, Ilana; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Ahn, Stephanie Y.; Ali, Mohammed K. (2012-12-15). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet (London, England). 380 (9859): 2163–2196. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
  14. ↑ "The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2025-12-07.
  15. ↑ Bommer, Christian; Sagalova, Vera; Heesemann, Esther; Manne-Goehler, Jennifer; Atun, Rifat; Bärnighausen, Till; Davies, Justine; Vollmer, Sebastian (May 2018). "Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030". Diabetes Care. 41 (5): 963–970. doi:10.2337/dc17-1962. ISSN 1935-5548. PMID 29475843.
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