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Diarrhea

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diarrhea
class of disease, signs den symptoms
Subclass ofgastrointestinal system disease, clinical sign, feces and droppings symptom, disease Edit
Has causeRotavirus Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases, gastroenterology Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentcarbonic acid, lidamidine, oral rehydration therapy Edit
ICD-9-CM787.91, 009.2 Edit
ICPC 2 IDD11 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC2987 Edit

Diarrhea (American English), dem sanso spell diarrhoea anaa diarrhœa (British English), be de condition of having at least three loose, liquid, anaa watery bowel movements insyd a day.[1] E often dey last for a few days den fi result in dehydration secof fluid loss.[1] Signs of dehydration often dey begin plus loss of de normal stretchiness of de skin den irritable behaviour.[1] Dis fi progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, den a decrease insyd responsiveness as e cam be more severe.[1] Loose buh non-watery stools insyd babies wey dem exclusively breastfeed, however, be normal.[1]

Wat be diarrhea? How e be caused, treated den prevented? (sanso spy script)

De most common cause be an infection of de intestines secof a virus, bacterium, anaa parasite—a condition dem sanso know as gastroenteritis.[1] Dese infections often be acquired from chow anaa water wey be contaminated by feces, anaa directly from anoda person wey be infected.[1] De three types of diarrhea be: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, den persistent diarrhea (wey dey last more dan two weeks, wich either fi be watery anaa bloody).[1] De short duration watery diarrhea fi be secof cholera, although dis be rare insyd de developed world.[1] If blood be present, e sanso be known as dysentery.[1] A number of non-infectious causes fi result in diarrhea.[2] Dese dey include lactose intolerance, irritable bowel syndrome, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis, hyperthyroidism, bile acid diarrhea, den a number of medications.[2][3][4] Insyd chaw cases, stool cultures to confirm de exact cause no be required.[5]

Diarrhea fi be prevented by improved sanitation, clean drinking water, den hand washing plus soap.[1] Breastfeeding for at least six months den vaccination against rotavirus sanso be recommended.[1] Oral rehydration solution (ORS)—clean water plus modest amounts of salts den sugar—be de treatment of choice.[1] Zinc tablets sanso be recommended.[1] Na dem estimate dese treatments e save 50 million kiddies insyd de past 25 years.[6] Wen people get diarrhea e be recommended say make dem continue to chop healthy chow, wey make dem continue dey breastfeed babies.[1] If commercial ORS no be available, homemade solutions fi be used.[7] Insyd those plus severe dehydration, intravenous fluids fi be required.[1] Chaw cases, however, fi be managed well plus fluids by mouth.[8] Antibiotics, while dem rarely use, fi be recommended insyd a few cases such as those wey get bloody diarrhea den a high fever, those plus severe diarrhea dey follow travelling, den those wey grow specific bacteria anaa parasites insyd dema stool.[5] Loperamide fi help decrease de number of bowel movements buh dem no recommend in those plus severe disease.[5]

About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea dey occur per year.[1][2][9] E be most common insyd developing countries, wer young kiddies dey get diarrhea on average three times a year.[1] Total deaths from diarrhea be estimated at 1.53 million insyd 2019—down from 2.9 million insyd 1990.[10] Insyd 2012, na e be de second most common cause of deaths insyd kiddies younger dan five (0.76 million or 11%).[1][11] Frequent episodes of diarrhea sanso be a common cause of malnutrition den de most common cause insyd those younger dan five years of age.[1] Oda long term problems wey fi result dey include stunted growth den poor intellectual development.[11]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Diarrhoeal disease Factsheet". World Health Organization. 2 May 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 Abdelmalak B, Doyle J, eds. (2013). Anesthesia for otolaryngologic surgery. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–287. ISBN 978-1-107-01867-9.
  3. ↑ Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Rostami K, Sanders DS, Schumann M, Ullrich R, Villalta D, Volta U, Catassi C, Fasano A (February 2012). "Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification". BMC Medicine (Review). 10 (1) 13. Bibcode:2012BMCM...10...13S. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-13. PMC 3292448. PMID 22313950.
  4. ↑ Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD (July 2015). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea" (PDF). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 42 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1111/apt.13227. PMID 25913530. S2CID 34603226. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 DuPont HL (April 2014). "Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults". The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (16): 1532–40. doi:10.1056/nejmra1301069. PMID 24738670.
  6. ↑ "whqlibdoc.who.int" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2010.
  7. ↑ Crockett ME, Keystone JS (2012). "Protection of Travelers". In Fischer M, Long SS, Prober CG (eds.). Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4557-3985-1.
  8. ↑ ACEP (14 October 2013). "Nation's Emergency Physicians Announce List of Test and Procedures to Question as Part of Choosing Wisely Campaign". Choosing Wisely. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  9. ↑ Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
  10. ↑ Dattani, Saloni; Spooner, Fiona; Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2023-07-03). "Diarrheal Diseases". Our World in Data (in English).
  11. 1 2 "Global Diarrhea Burden". CDC. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
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