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Diazepam

From Wikipedia
diazepam
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofbenzodiazepine drug, alkaloid Edit
Part ofdiazepam binding Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stylized namediazePAM Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₆H₁₃ClN₂O Edit
Canonical SMILESCN1C(=O)CN=C(C2=C1C=CC(=C2)Cl)C3=CC=CC=C3 Edit
Active ingredient inDiastat, Valium Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namediazepam, diazepamum Edit
Route of administrationoral administration, intramuscular injection, intravenous infusion and defusion, enteral administration Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category C, US pregnancy category D Edit
ManufacturerPfizer Edit
Get characteristicbitterness Edit

Diazepam, dem sell under de brand name Valium among odas, be a medication of de benzodiazepine family wey dey act as an anxiolytic.[1] Dem dey use am to treat a range of conditions, wey dey include anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, den restless legs syndrome.[1] E sanso fi be used to cause memory loss during certain medical procedures.[2][3] Dem fi take am orally (by mouth), as a suppository dem insert into de rectum, intramuscularly (dem inject into muscle), intravenously (injection into a vein) anaa dem use as a nasal spray.[3][4] Wen na dem inject am intravenously, effects dey begin insyd one to five minutes den dey last up to an hour.[3] When dem take am by mouth, effects dey begin after 15 to 60 minutes.[5]

Common side effects dey include sleepiness den trouble plus coordination.[3][6] Serious side effects be rare.[1] Dem dey include increased risk of suicide, decreased breathing, den a paradoxical increased risk of seizures if dem use too frequently insyd those plus epilepsy.[1][3][7] Occasionally, excitement anaa agitation fi occur.[8][9] Long-term use fi result in tolerance, dependence, den withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction.[1] Abrupt stopping after long-term use fi be potentially dangerous.[1] After stopping, cognitive problems fi persist for six months anaa longer.[8] Dem no dey recommend during pregnancy anaa breastfeeding.[3] Ein mechanism of action dey work by increasing de effect of de neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).[8]

Na dem patent diazepam insyd 1959 by Hoffmann-La Roche.[1][10][11] Na e be one of de most frequently medications dem prescribe insyd de world since ein launch insyd 1963.[1] Insyd de United States na e be de best-selling medication between 1968 den 1982, dey sell more dan 2 billion tablets insyd 1978 alone.[1] Insyd 2023, na e be de 183rd most commonly medication dem prescribe insyd de United States, plus more dan 2 million prescriptions.[12][13] Insyd 1985, na de patent end, wey der be more dan 500 brands available on de market.[1] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[14]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Calcaterra NE, Barrow JC (April 2014). "Classics in chemical neuroscience: diazepam (valium)". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (4): 253–60. doi:10.1021/cn5000056. PMC 3990949. PMID 24552479.
  2. ↑ "Diazepam". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Diazepam". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  4. ↑ "Diazepam Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com (in English). Retrieved 2025-11-27.
  5. ↑ Dhaliwal JS, Saadabadi A (September 2022). "Diazepam". StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30725707. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  6. ↑ "Valium – diazepam tablet". DailyMed. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  7. ↑ Dodds TJ (March 2017). "Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 19 (2). doi:10.4088/PCC.16r02037. PMID 28257172.
  8. 1 2 3 Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S (August 2008). "Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 118 (2): 69–86. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x. PMID 18384456. S2CID 24453988.
  9. ↑ Perkin RM (2008). Pediatric hospital medicine: textbook of inpatient management (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 862. ISBN 978-0-7817-7032-3.
  10. ↑ Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 535. ISBN 978-3-527-60749-5. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  11. ↑ US patent 3371085, Sternbach LH, Reeder E, "5-ARYL-3H-1,4-BENZODIAZEPIN-2(1H)-ONES", published 1968-02-27, issued 1968-02-27, assigned to Hoffmann La Roche AG
  12. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  13. ↑ "Diazepam Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 19 August 2025.
  14. ↑ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.

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