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Dissociative identity disorder

From Wikipedia
dissociative identity disorder
mental disorder, class of disease
Subclass ofdissociative disorder, disease, identity disorder, multiplicity Edit
Has causepsychological trauma, childhood trauma Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, psychology Edit
Symptoms and signsmultiplicity, amnesia, depersonalization, derealization Edit
Medical examinationMedical Interview, questionnaire, observation Edit
Possible treatmentpsychotherapy, supportive care, counseling, psychoeducation, art therapy Edit
Depicted byThe Three Faces of Eve, Frankie and Alice, Waking Madison, First Person Plural Edit
ICD-9-CM300.14 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC94330 Edit

Dissociative identity disorder (DID), dem previously know as multiple personality disorder (MPD), be characterized by de presence of at least two personality states anaa "alters". De diagnosis be controversial wey remain disputed.[1][2][3] Proponents of DID dey support de trauma model, wey dey view de disorder as an organic response to severe kiddie time trauma. Critics of de trauma model dey support de sociogenic (fantasy) model of DID as a societal construct den learned behavior dem use to express distress; dem develop thru iatrogenesis insyd therapy, cultural beliefs, den exposure to de behavior insyd media anaa online.[1]

Na public perceptions of de disorder be popularized by alleged true stories insyd de 20th century; na Sybil influence chaw elements of de diagnosis, buh na dem later find to be fraudulent.[1][4] After na dem recognize multiple personality disorder (MPD) as a diagnosis insyd DSM-III insyd 1975, an epidemic of de disorder spread across North America, dem closely tie to de satanic panic. Therapists begin dey use hypnosis on patients, na dem dey believe dem dey discover alters den dey recover forgotten memories of satanic ritual abuse. Psychologists familiar plus de malleability of memory argue na dem dey construct false memories.[4] Na diagnoses reach 50,000 by de 1990s, buh na de FBI fail to validate allegations dem make against caregivers. Na skepticism increase wen na MPD patients recover from de behavior, dem retract dema false memories, wey dem bring successful lawsuits against therapists.[4] Na a sharp decline insyd cases wey follow, wey na dem reclassify de disorder as "dissociative identity disorder" (DID) insyd DSM-IV.[4] Insyd de 2020s, an uptick insyd DID cases follow de spread of viral videos about de disorder on TikTok den YouTube.

According to de DSM, de disorder be accompanied by memory gaps more severe dan dem fi be explained by ordinary forgetfulness, wey dey include gaps insyd consciousness, basic bodily functions, den perception.[5] Na research challenge dis premise; na McNally find say although na patients report amnesia between alters, na objective tests find dema memory function be intact.[6] Sam clinicians view am as a form of hysteria.[1] After a sharp decline insyd publications insyd de early 2000s from de peak insyd de 90s, na Pope et al. (2006) describe de disorder as an academic fad.[7] Boysen et al. (2012) describe research as steady, buh dey lack in convincing evidence.[1][8]

According to de DSM-5-TR, early childhood trauma, typically dey start before 5–6 years of age, dey place someone at risk of developing dissociative identity disorder.[9][10] Across diverse geographic regions, 90% of people dem diagnose plus dissociative identity disorder report dem dey experience multiple forms of childhood abuse, such as rape, violence, neglect, anaa severe bullying.[9] Oda traumatic childhood experiences wey na dem report dey include painful medical den surgical procedures,[9][11] war,[9] terrorism,[9] attachment disturbance,[9] natural disaster, cult den occult abuse, loss of a loved one anaa loved ones,[11] human trafficking,[9] den dysfunctional family dynamics.[9][12]

Treatment generally dey involve supportive care den psychotherapy.[13] Dem fi use medications for comorbid disorders anaa targeted symptom relief.[14][15] Lifetime prevalence, according to two epidemiological studies insyd de US den Turkey, be between 1.1–1.5% of de general population den 3.9% of those dem admit to psychiatric hospitals insyd Europe den North America,[5][9][14] though na dem argue dese figures to be both overestimates den underestimates. Comorbidity plus oda psychiatric conditions be high.[16][17] Dem dey diagnose DID 6–9 times more often insyd women dan insyd men.[18]

De number of recorded cases increase significantly insyd de latter half of de 20th century, along plus de number of identities dem report by those affected, buh e be unclear whether increased rates of diagnosis be secof better recognition anaa to sociocultural factors such as mass media portrayals.[18] De typical presenting symptoms insyd different regions of de world sanso fi vary depending on culture, such as alter identities wey dey take de form of possessing spirits, deities, ghosts, anaa mythical creatures insyd cultures where possession states be normative.[5][9]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Peters, Matthew E.; Treisman, Glenn (2017). "Dissociative Identity Disorder". Johns Hopkins Psychiatry Guide (in English).
  2. ↑ Piper A, Merskey H (2004). "The persistence of folly: A critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part I. The excesses of an improbable concept". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (9): 592–600. doi:10.1177/070674370404900904. PMID 15503730. S2CID 16714465.
  3. ↑ Piper A, Merskey H (2004). "The persistence of folly: Critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part II. The defence and decline of multiple personality or dissociative identity disorder". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (10): 678–683. doi:10.1177/070674370404901005. PMID 15560314. S2CID 8304723.
  4. 1 2 3 4 MacNally, Richard J. (2011). What is Mental Illness?. Harvard University Press (Belknap Press). pp. 139–143. ISBN 978-0-674-06620-5.
  5. 1 2 3 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 291–298. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  6. ↑ Reuell, Peter (2012-08-19). "A story that doesn't hold up". Harvard Gazette (in American English). Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  7. ↑ Pope HG, Barry S, Bodkin A, Hudson JI (2006). "Tracking scientific interest in the dissociative disorders: A study of scientific publication output 1984–2003". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 75 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1159/000089223. PMID 16361871. S2CID 9351660.
  8. ↑ Boysen, Guy A. (2024). "Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Review of Research From 2011 to 2021". Nervous and Mental Disease. 212 (3): 174–186. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001764. PMID 38412243. Despite previous assertions about declining interest in DID (Pope et al., 2005), research output increased in the second decade of the 2000s.[...] It appears that the heat of past DID controversies has diminished somewhat with the rise of multidimensional models of psychopathology, and research on the disorder, although limited in several ways, has steadily emerged in the second decade of the century
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DSM-5-TR classification. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2022. ISBN 978-0-89042-583-1. OCLC 1268112689.
  10. ↑ "Dissociative Identity Disorder: What Is It, Symptoms & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic (in English). Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  11. 1 2 "Dissociative Identity Disorder - Psychiatric Disorders".
  12. ↑ Şar V, Dorahy MJ, Krüger C (2017). "Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective". Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 10 (10): 137–146. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S113743. PMC 5422461. PMID 28496375.
  13. ↑ "Dissociative identity disorder". MSD Manuals. Psychiatric disorders (Professional ed.). March 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  14. 1 2 International Society for the Study of Trauma Dissociation (2011). "Guidelines for treating dissociative identity disorder in adults, third revision". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 12 (2): 188–212. doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.537248. PMID 21391104. S2CID 44952969.
  15. ↑ MacDonald, Kai (1 May 2008). "Dissociative disorders unclear? Think 'rainbows from pain blows'" (PDF). Current Psychiatry. 7 (5): 73–85. Gale A179269544.
  16. ↑ Dorahy MJ, Brand BL, Sar V, Krüger C, Stavropoulos P, Martínez-Taboas A, Lewis-Fernández R, Middleton W (2014). "Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 48 (5): 402–417. doi:10.1177/0004867414527523. hdl:2263/43470. PMID 24788904.
  17. ↑ Lynn, Steven Jay; Polizzi, Craig; Merckelbach, Harald; Chiu, Chui-De; Maxwell, Reed; van Heugten, Delena; Lilenfeld, Scott O. (2022). "Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders Reconsidered: Beyond Sociocognitive and Trauma Models Toward a Transtheoretical Framework". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 9 (18): 259–289. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-102424. PMID 35226824.
  18. 1 2 Beidel, Deborah C.; Frueh, B. Christopher; Hersen, Michel (2014). Adult psychopathology and diagnosis (7th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 414–422. ISBN 978-1-118-65708-9.
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