I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy thereof, do hereby proclaim and declare that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional relation between the United States, and each of the States, and the people thereof, in which States that relation is, or may be, suspended or disturbed.
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And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
De Emancipation Proclamation, officially Proclamation 95,[1][2] na e ebe presidential proclamation den executive order wey United States Presido Abraham Lincoln issue for January 1, 1863, den American Civil War times. Na de Proclamation get de effect of changing de legal status of more dan 3.5 million enslaved African Americans insyd de secessionist Confederate states from enslaved to free. As de slaves escape de control of dema enslavers, either by fleeing to Union lines anaa thru de advance of federal troops, na dem be permanently free. In addition, na de Proclamation allow for den slaves make dem "be received into de armed service of de United States". Na de Emancipation Proclamation play a significant part insyd de end of slavery insyd de United States.
On September 22, 1862, na Lincoln issue de preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.[3] Ein third paragraph dey begin:
That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.
On January 1, 1863, na Lincoln issue de final Emancipation Proclamation.[4] Na e state:
I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do ... order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion, against the United States, the following, to wit:
Na Lincoln then list de ten states[5] still insyd rebellion, wey dey exclude parts of states under Union control, wey he continue:
I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free. ... [S]uch persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States. ... And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
Na de proclamation provide dat de executive branch, wey dey include de Army den Navy, "go recognize den maintain de freedom of said persons".[6] Even though na e exclude states wey no dey insyd rebellion, as well as parts of Louisiana den Virginia under Union control,[7] na e still apply to more dan 3.5 million of de 4 million enslaved people insyd de country. Na dem immediately emancipate around 25,000 to 75,000 insyd those regions of de Confederacy wer na de US Army already dey in place. Na dem no fi enforce am insyd de areas still insyd rebellion,[7] buh, as na de Union army take control of Confederate regions, na de Proclamation provide de legal framework for de liberation of more dan three den a half million enslaved people insyd those regions by de end of de war. Na de Emancipation Proclamation outrage white Southerners den dema sympathizers, wey na dem see am as de beginning of a race war. Na e energize abolitionists, wey e undermine those Europeans wey na dem want make dem intervene to help de Confederacy.[8] Na de Proclamation lift de spirits of African Americans, both free den enslaved. Na e encourage chaw make dem escape from slavery den flee toward Union lines, wer na chaw join de Union Army.[9] Na de Emancipation Proclamation cam turn a historic document secof e "go redefine de Civil War, dem turn am [for de North] from a struggle [solely] make e preserve de Union to one [sanso] focused on ending slavery, den set a decisive course for how de nation go be reshaped after dat historic conflict."[10]
Na dem never challenge de Emancipation Proclamation insyd court. Make dem ensure de abolition of slavery insyd all of de U.S., na Lincoln sanso insist dat Reconstruction plans for Southern states require dem make dem enact laws wey dey abolish slavery (wich na occur during de war insyd Tennessee, Arkansas, den Louisiana); na Lincoln encourage border states make dem adopt abolition (wich occur during de war insyd Maryland, Missouri, den West Virginia) wey na dem push for passage of de 13th Amendment. Na de Senate pass de 13th Amendment by de necessary two-thirds vote on April 8, 1864; na de House of Representatives do so on January 31, 1865; den de required three-fourths of de states ratify am on December 6, 1865. Na de amendment make slavery den involuntary servitude unconstitutional, "except as a punishment for a crime".[11]
De United States Constitution wey dem write for 1787 no use the word 'slavery' but e get plenty provisions wey concern unfree persons. The Three-Fifths Compromise (for Article I, Section 2) talk say dem go share congressional representation, and so the number of each state votes for Electoral College go be 'based on the whole Number of free Persons' and 'three-fifths of all other Persons'[1]. Under the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section 2), 'No person held to Service or Labour for one State' no go fit become free if dem run go another place. Article I, Section 9 dey allow Congress make laws wey go stop the 'Importation of Persons', but dem no go fit do am until 1808[12]. E be like for the Fifth Amendment wey talk say, 'No person shall... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law'—dem see slaves as property[2]. Even though abolitionists dey use the Fifth Amendment fight slavery, na di same law help Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) fit treat slaves as property.[3] Slavery dey backed by law and white supremacy culture wey dey everywhere[4]. But between 1777 and 1804, every Northern state dey provide for quick or steady end of slavery. Southern states no do am, and di slave population for di South dey grow, reaching almost four million people as Civil War start, when most slave states wan separate from the US[13].
Lincoln accept say Constitution before 1865 dey limit federal government power to stop slavery for peacetime and e commit matter to individual states[14]. But during di Civil War, Lincoln drop di Emancipation Proclamation under him authority as 'Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy' as per Article II, section 2 of di US Constitution.[5] So, for de Emancipation Proclamation, e talk say e get power to free people wey dem dey hold as slaves for de states wey dey fight back, as e go fit help to stop dat fight. For di first Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln point make we see two laws from 1862, like “An Act to Make an Additional Article of War” and di Confiscation Act of 1862, but for di final one, he no mention any law at all. Di reason wey him fit issue di first and final Proclamation na because him be President and Commander-in-Chief.[15] So, Lincoln no get power over di four border states wey no dey fight—Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware—so him no mention dem for di ProclamationTemplate:Refn. Di fifth border place, West Virginia, wey slavery still dey legal but dey try stop am, for January 1863, still be part of di “reorganized” Virginia wey dey under di Union, no be di Confederate Virginia wey dey Richmond.
Di areas wey Emancipation Proclamation cover dey red, di slave-holding areas wey no get cover dey blue.
Emancipation Proclamation dey work for ten states wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863, but e no touch the almost 500,000 slaves for the border states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) or parts of Virginia and Louisiana wey don calm down. Dem slaves dey free later by state and federal decisions[16]. Areas wey e cover na Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties wey dey West Virginia, plus Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including Norfolk and Portsmouth cities). [17]
Tennessee don already mostly return to Union control, so dem no name am and e dey exempt. Virginia dey name, but dem talk say 48 counties wey dey form new West Virginia get special exemptions, plus seven counties and two cities wey dey Union-controlled Tidewater region for Virginia[18]. New Orleans and 13 parishes for Louisiana wey dey mostly under federal control too dey exempt. This exemptions leave another 300,000 slaves wey never free[19]. Emancipation Proclamation don collect plenty wahala, especially from Richard Hofstadter wey talk say e get all the moral grandeur of a bill of lading and wey say e free all slaves... where e no fit reach.[20][21] No be say I dey disagree with Hofstadter o, but William W. Freehling talk say when Lincoln use him power as Commander-in-Chief drop the proclamation, e no be like person wey dey collect bills but like warrior wey carry new weapon come show[22]. The Emancipation Proclamation make plenty slaves for Confederate states free as Union armies dey waka enter South, and some slaves dey escape go Union side or slave owners dey run come off, leave slaves behind. E also mean say Union go end slavery and still protect the Union. Even though Emancipation Proclamation help free plenty slaves small by small, e no make slavery illegal. States like Maryland[23], Missouri[24], Tennessee[25], and West Virginia[26] wey no dey follow the Emancipation Proclamation, don ban slavery before war finish. For 1863, President Lincoln propose plan wey go help rebuild Louisiana wey dem capture[27]. Only 10 percent of the voters go swear loyalty. Dem still gatz accept the Emancipation Proclamation and remove slavery from dem new constitution. By December 1864, Lincoln plan dey work no be only for Louisiana but also for Arkansas and Tennessee.[28][29]. For Kentucky, Union Army commanders use di offer of freedom from di proclamation to make slaves wey join Army fit free their whole family; because of dis and other reasons, slaves for di state reduce pass 70 percent during di war[30]. But for Delaware[31] and Kentucky[32], slavery still dey legal until December 18, 1865, when di Thirteenth Amendment enter ground.
Di Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 say make people return runaway slaves go their owners. For di war, for May 1861, Union general Benjamin Butler talk say three slaves wey run come meet Union soldiers be contraband of war, so e refuse to send dem back, e tell one man wey wan carry dem go back say, "I no dey owe any constitution to foreign country wey Virginia dey claim say na dem.[33]" For May 30, after President Lincoln hold cabinet meeting, "Simon Cameron, di secretary of war, send telegraph give Butler say him contraband policy 'na approved.[34]'" Dis decision cause wahala because e fit mean say dem dey recognize Confederacy as separate, independent sovereign state for international law, somtin wey Lincoln no gree accept. Plus, as contraband, dem dey see these people as "property" when dem cross Union lines, so wetin go happen to dem no clear.[35]
For December 1861, Lincoln send im first annual message to Congress (dem dey call am State of the Union Address, but back then dem dey write am). Inside, e praise free labor system wey dey respect human rights pass property rights; e support law to fit tackle the matter of contraband slaves and slaves wey dey loyal states, maybe by buying dem freedom with federal money; e also support federal money for voluntary colonization.[36][37]. For January 1862, Thaddeus Stevens, wey be Republican leader for House, call for total war against the rebellion to include freeing slaves, talk say if dem free the slaves, e go spoil the rebel economy. On March 13, 1862, Congress approve Act wey no go allow military or naval people for United States return fugitive slaves to their owners.[38]. Following one law wey Lincoln sign, dem abolish slavery for District of Columbia on April 16, 1862, and dem compensate the owners.[39].
For June 9, 1862, Congress pass bill wey stop slavery for all current and future United States territories (but not for the states), and on June 19, President Lincoln sign am into law. This act clear say the 1857 opinion of Supreme Court wey sey Congress no fit regulate slavery for U.S. territories no be correct. E also reject the idea of popular sovereignty wey Stephen A. Douglas talk for slavery wahala, while e continue the work wey Thomas Jefferson first propose for 1784 to limit slavery inside the existing states..[40][41]
For August 6, 1861, First Confiscation Act free di slaves wey dey work against di Government and lawful authority of di United States[42]. Then on July 17, 1862, Second Confiscation Act come free di slaves wey dey any place wey rebel forces dey and later United States forces go enter[43]. Dis Second Act no be like di First one, e clear say all di slaves wey dey under am go free for life, because section 10 talk say all di slaves wey belong to people wey go dey rebel against di government go free if dem run come inside di army lines; plus any slave wey dem catch or wey desert dem go dey free from di government control; and all di slaves of people wey dey for any place wey rebel forces dey go also be war captives, no go fit be slaves again[44]. But Lincoln still believe say, even though Congress no fit free di slaves for di rebel states, as commander in chief, e fit do am if e feel say na good military move.[45]. As of summer 1862, Lincoln don draft di early Emancipation Proclamation wey him go drop for September 22, 1862, wey go talk say for January 1, 1863, e go free di slaves for states wey still dey rebel.[46]
Peter photo wey dem snap for Baton Rouge spring 1863; e dey fly everywhere by abolitionists to show wetin slavery fit do.
Abolitionists don dey push Lincoln make he free all slaves for long. For the summer wey be 1862, Republican editor Horace Greeley from New-York Tribune, wey get strong influence, write one big editorial wey call “The Prayer of Twenty Millions” wey dey shout for more action against the Confederacy and make dem free the slaves quick quick: “For this wide earth, Mr. President, no be one intelligent person wey dey support the Union cause wey no dey feel say if dem crush the rebellion today, e go wake again if dem leave slavery strong, and every hour wey dem dey respect slavery na hour wey dey add danger to the Union.[47]”
Lincoln reply for im letter to Horace Greeley on August 22, 1862: If some people go fit save the Union only if dem fit save slavery, I no dey agree with them. If some people no go fit save the Union unless dem destroy slavery, I still no dey agree. My main goal for this fight na to save the Union, no be to save or destroy slavery. If I fit save the Union without freeing any slave, I go do am, and if na by freeing all slaves I go save am, I go do am; and if na by freeing some and leaving others, I go still do that. Wetin I go do about slavery, and the colored people, na because I believe say e go help save the Union; and wetin I no do, I no do am because I no believe say e go help save the Union... I don talk my plan according to wetin I see as my duty; and I no mean say I go change my personal wish wey I don talk plenty times say I wish say all men everywhere fit free.[48]
Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer talk say Lincoln letter be like: "Greeley no sabi say Lincoln write am after e don draft di first Emancipation Proclamation wey e wan drop after di next Union military victory. So, dis letter, na true, be like say e wan position di coming announcement for saving di Union, no be to free slaves as humanitarian move. E be one of Lincoln most clever public relations move, even if e don create doubt about him sincerity as liberator.[49]" Historian Richard Striner talk say "for many years" people dey misread Lincoln letter as "Lincoln just wan save di Union[50]." But according to Striner, for di whole of Lincoln career and how e dey talk about slavery, this be wrong. In fact, Lincoln dey try soft soft di strong Northern white supremacist wey no wan gree with him emancipation by linking am to di cause of di Union. Dis people go fight for di Union but no go want end slavery, so Lincoln find way for dem to do both at di same time.[51]. So, e fit don choose di third option wey him mention to Greeley: "free some and leave others"; dat be, free slaves for di states wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863, but leave di ones wey dey border states and Union-occupied areas.
But, as the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation talk make am clear, Lincoln talk say e go suggest to Congress make dem compensate states wey fit "take, immediate or gradual end slavery". Plus, during the hundred days from September 22, 1862, when e drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, to January 1, 1863, when e drop the Final Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln still dey show say him dey consider the first option wey e mention to Greeley — maintain the Union without freeing any slave — still possible. Historian William W. Freehling talk say, "From mid-October to mid-November 1862, e send personal envoys go Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas.[52][53]". Each of dem carry letter from Lincoln wey talk say if people for their state want "avoid the wahala" of the Final Emancipation Proclamation "and get peace again like before" (meaning, with slavery still dey), make dem gather "the largest number wey possible" to vote for "elections for members to Congress of the United States ... wey friendly to their wahala".[54]. Later, for him Annual Message to Congress on December 1, 1862, Lincoln propose amendment to U.S. Constitution say any state wey end slavery before January 1, 1900, go collect compensation from U.S. in form of interest-bearing U.S. bonds. If dem accept this amendment, for theory, e fit end the war without really ending slavery, because the amendment talk say, "Any State wey don collect bonds ... and later bring back or allow slavery again, go pay back the United States the bonds wey dem collect, or the value of am, plus all interest wey dem pay on top".[55]
For him 2014 book wey dem call Lincoln's Gamble, journalist and historian Todd Brewster talk say, Lincoln wan make saving di Union be im only goal for di war, and dat one be key for im legal authority to free di slaves. Since Constitution dey protect slavery, di only way wey he fit free di slaves na as war tactic—no be di main mission[56]. But e come get risk say, when di war finish, di reason wey he go use to free di slaves go finish too. For late 1862, Lincoln ask im Attorney General, Edward Bates, wetin e go fit do if slaves wey dem free under war proclamation go fit be taken back once di war end. Bates gats wade through di language of Dred Scott decision before e fit give answer, but e finally conclude say dem fit still remain free. Still, for full end of slavery, dem go need constitutional amendment. Dem dey give Lincoln different advice on whether to free di slaves, both for public and private. Thomas Nast be cartoon artist wey dey work during Civil War and late 1800s, dem dey call am "Father of the American Cartoon". E draw plenty things, including one artwork wey show how people wey dey suffer for slavery move enter civilization when President Lincoln sign the Proclamation. Nast believ say everybody suppose get equal chance, even the enslaved Africans and free blacks. For Chicago on September 7, 1862, plenty people gather for rally wey demand make dem free all slaves sharp sharp. One group wey William W. Patton dey lead go meet the president for White House on September 13. Lincoln talk for peacetime say e no get power wey constitution gree make am free slaves. Even as war power, emancipation no be small risk wey fit cause wahala. Public opinion no too dey support am.[57] Copperhead Democrats no go gree, and border states no sure how dem go react. Delaware and Maryland dey high for free blacks percentage: 91.2% and 49.7% for 1860.[58]
Lincoln first yan the proclamation with him cabinet for July 1862. E draft him first proclamation and read am to Secretary of State William Seward and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles on July 13. Seward and Welles no fit even talk, but Seward talk say e dey fear say if dem no careful, wahala go fall everywhere for South, and foreign people fit come join. Welles no talk anything. On July 22, Lincoln show am to him whole cabinet as wetin e don decide to do and him ask dem how dem go fit word am[59]. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton back am, but Seward advice say make Lincoln wait make Union fit win major battle before e go drop the proclamation, else e go look like say Union dey shout retreat. But Walter Stahr write say, 'Some sources talk say dem other people dey involved for the delay decision,' and e quote dem[60].
For September 1862, the Battle of Antietam give Lincoln the victory wey e need to drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. For the battle, Union lose plenty soldiers pass Confederates and General McClellan allow Robert E. Lee troops to run, but Union forces still push back Confederate invasion for Maryland, chop down more than quarter of Lee army. This one be turning point for the Civil War.[61]
1864 reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation from the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
For September 22, 1862, five days after Antietam, as Lincoln dey chill for Soldier's Home, e call im cabinet come meet and drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation[62]. According to Civil War historian James M. McPherson, Lincoln tell dem say, "I don make one serious promise before God, say if General Lee fit run come from Pennsylvania, I go finish am with the freedom declaration for slaves[63][64]." Lincoln show im first draft to Vice President Hannibal Hamlin,[65], wey be serious abolitionist, but dem dey keep am for dark about presidential matter. So, Lincoln drop the final proclamation wey e promise for January 1, 1863. Even though Congress give am authority, Lincoln use im power as Commander-in-Chief of Army and Navy to drop the proclamation as war measure. So, e no be like law wey Congress enact, because Lincoln fit just cancel am if e like. One week after e drop the final Proclamation, Lincoln write to Major General John McClernand: "After dem start fight, I dey try for almost one and half year to manage without touch the 'institution'; but when I finally decide to touch am, I give hundred days notice so all States and people fit turn back as good citizens. Dem choose to ignore am, and I make the proclamation based on wetin I see as military need. Once I don make am, e go stand.” Lincoln still talk say the states wey dey for the proclamation fit “adopt plans for apprenticeship for di colored people, wey go follow wetin dey approved for gradual emancipation; and... dem fit dey almost as okay as if this wahala no happen. E end by beg McClernand say make e no carry this letter go public..”.[66][67]
One printed paper dey call for men wey get color make dem join U.S. military after dem free slaves in 1863 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
Initially, di Emancipation Proclamation free only small number of slaves, wey be di one wey dey behind Union line for area wey no dey exempted. Plenty slaves still dey behind Confederate line or for exempted Union area. Secretary of State William H. Seward talk say, "We dey show our sympathy with slavery by freeing slaves where we no fit reach dem and keeping dem in bondage where we fit set dem free." If any slave state fit stop dem secession before January 1, 1863, dem fit keep slavery, at least for small time. Di Proclamation free di slaves only for di South area wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863. But as di Union army dey move for di South, slaves dey run go behind dem line, and "shortly after dem issue di Emancipation Proclamation, di Lincoln administration lift di ban on to entice slaves go Union line.[68]" Dis whole matter help for di destruction of slavery. Di Emancipation Proclamation still allow freed slaves join di United States military. During di war, nearly 200,000 black men, most of dem be ex-slaves, join di Union Army[69]. Dem contribution be very important for winning di war. Di Confederacy no allow slaves join dem army as soldier until di last month before dem defeat[70].
Even though di counties of Virginia wey soon go form West Virginia no dey included for di Proclamation (Jefferson County be di only exception), one condition for di state to join di Union be say dem constitution go provide for gradual abolition of slavery (dem still adopt immediate emancipation for all slaves early 1865). Slaves for di border states of Maryland and Missouri still dey free by separate state action before di Civil War finish. For Maryland, new state constitution wey abolish slavery go take effect on November 1, 1864. Di Union wey dey control eastern Virginia counties plus Louisiana parishes, wey dem no allow under di Proclamation, dem come put state constitution wey make slavery no dey inside April 1864.[71][72]. For early 1865, Tennessee come take amend dem constitution wey go stop slavery..[73][74]
Di Proclamation come out first in one early version and den final version. Di first one, wey dem issue for September 22, 1862, na early announcement wey show wetin di final one go talk later, wey take effect 100 days after for January 1, 1863, during di second year of di Civil War. Di early Emancipation Proclamation na Abraham Lincoln declaration say all di slaves go free forever for all di areas of di Confederacy wey still dey rebel on January 1, 1863. Di final Emancipation Proclamation name di ten states wey dey affected (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina). States like Maryland, Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky wey dey for di Union no dey included. Tennessee too no dey named, as Union military government don already set up for Nashville wey na di capital. Dem state specific exemptions for areas wey still dey under Union control on January 1, 1863, like 48 counties wey go soon turn West Virginia, seven other counties for Virginia wey include Berkeley and Hampshire wey go join West Virginia, New Orleans and 13 parishes wey dey around.[75]
Areas wey Union control for di Confederate states where di proclamation start run sharp sharp by local commanders include Winchester for Virginia[76], Corinth for Mississippi,[77], di Sea Islands along di coasts of di Carolinas and Georgia[78], Key West for Florida[79], and Port Royal for South Carolina..[80]
Photo of two pikin wey dem fit don free – around 1870'Scene Wey Dey Happen for Road' from Philadelphia Inquirer reporter (maybe U.H. Painter[1]) wey dey follow Army of Potomac, The Indiana Progress, June 1, 1864
Dis one wey dem dey call "Scene Along the Route" from person wey dey report for Philadelphia Inquirer (maybe na U.H. Painter) wey dey with Potomac Army, The Indiana Progress, June 1, 1864. On New Year’s Eve for 1862, plenty African Americans – both wey dem don commot and wey still dey suffer – gather for USA to do Watch Night for "Freedom's Eve", dey wait for midnight wey go bring change[81]. Some people dey talk say Emancipation Proclamation no free anybody[82]; historian Lerone Bennett Jr. dey claim say na janja wey dem prepare no be to free anybody.[83] But because of dis Proclamation, many slaves don use this war collect their freedom, as e start on the day e take effect; wey people for places like Hilton Head Island, South Carolina[84], and Port Royal, South Carolina[85] dey celebrate on January 1 as dem hear say dem don get legal freedom. People dey guess the total wey dem free as the Emancipation Proclamation start; one report say 'contraband' for Union-occupied North Carolina na 10,000, and Sea Islands for South Carolina dey plenty too[86][87]. Dis Zone wey Union dey control wey freedom start include eastern North Carolina, Mississippi Valley, northern Alabama, Shenandoah Valley for Virginia, plenty Arkansas, and Sea Islands for Georgia and South Carolina[88]. Even though some counties for Union-occupied Virginia no follow the Proclamation, lower Shenandoah Valley and Alexandria area dey included.[89] Emancipation don start to take effect as Union soldiers dey enter Confederacy. Slaves dey run from their masters and Union soldiers dey help dem.[90] Another side, Robert Gould Shaw write am to him mama on September 25, 1862, "So the 'Proclamation of Emancipation' don finally show face, or better say, e for come first. I dey sure say una dey jolly for am. But me, I no fit see wetin e go do now. Anywhere our army don reach, no slaves dey anymore, and the Proclamation no go free dem where we no fit go." Ten days later, him write am again, "No think say from wetin I talk before, I dey believe say Mr. Lincoln's 'Emancipation Proclamation' no correct ... but as war measure, I no see d matter wey e go reason now, ... as the slaves no fit free for any way, with Emancipation Act or without." [91]
Booker T. Washington, as small boy of 9 for Virginia, remember the day for early 1865:[92]
As the big day dey come closer, plenty song dey burst for the slave quarters pass usual. E dey louder, more sweet, and e dey last well into night. Most of the plantation songs get some freedom vibe.... [S]ome man wey be stranger (a United States officer, I gbadun) make small speech and then read long paper—the Emancipation Proclamation, I think. After di reading, dem tell us say we don free, and fit waka when and where we want. My mama, wey dey by my side, lean down come kiss her pikin dem, while joy tears dey run for her cheeks. She explain wetin everything mean, say this na the day wey she don dey pray for long, but fear say she no go fit see am.Winslow Homer 1876 – "A Visit from the Old Mistress" show tension between group of newly freed slaves and their former master – Smithsonian Museum of American Art.Runaway slaves wey don escape go Union lines before dey dey hold dem as 'contraband of war' under Confiscation Acts. The Sea Islands wey dey off Georgia coast don already fall to Union Navy for early war. The white people don run go mainland but the black ones dey sit down. Dem start early Reconstruction program for di former slaves, wey get schools and training. Naval officers come read di proclamation for dem, tell dem say dem don free.[93] Slaves dey part of di 'engine of war' for di Confederacy. Dem dey produce and prepare food; sew uniform; fix railway; work for farms and factories, shipping yards, and mines; build fortifications; and serve as hospital workers and common laborers. News of di Proclamation fly quick through mouth, spark hope for freedom, create confusion, and push plenty people to escape go Union lines..[94] George Washington Albright, one teenage slave for Mississippi, remember say like many of him fellow slaves, him papa don escape join Union forces. According to Albright, plantation owners dey try keep di Proclamation news from slaves, but dem sabi am through grapevine. Di young slave come be 'runner' for one informal group dem dey call 4Ls ('Lincoln's Legal Loyal League'), wey dey carry news of di proclamation go secret slave meetings for plantations all over di region..[95] Confederate general Robert E. Lee see di Emancipation Proclamation as way for di Union to increase di number of soldiers dem fit put for di field, making am urgent for di Confederacy to increase dem own numbers too.
After dem sack Fredericksburg, Lee write say, "Di way di enemy dey gather plenty troops and di brutal wahala wey dem don declare, e no go fit give us any choice but to win or suffer pass death. If we wan save di honor of our families from disgrace and our way of life from destruction, make we put all our effort, use all means wey dey available, to fill and keep our army strong, until God go bless us with our independence.".[96][97]
Di Emancipation Proclamation be big turn for di war, as e make di North no just wan keep di Union, but also free di slaves.[98]. Di Proclamation also gather support from abolitionists and Europeans, wey dey push enslaved people to escape go North. Dis one weaken di labor for di South and strong di North ranks..[99]
Racism dey dey everywhere, both sides for the wahala, and plenty people for North just support the war to force South make dem stay for Union. The Republican politicians wey promise say the war be for Union restoration, no be about black rights or end slavery, dem opponents talk say na big lies, because of the Proclamation. For Columbiana, Ohio, Copperhead David Allen yarn for crowd, "Now my fellow Democrats, I go ask you if you go let dem push you enter wahala against your brothers for the Southern States because of the Negro. My answer be No!" The Copperheads see the Proclamation as clear proof for their matter and the start of their political rise; for Connecticut, H. B. Whiting write say the truth don clear even for "those wey no get sense wey still dey think say the President be conservative and the war be for Union restoration under the Constitution[100]
War Democrats wey no gree with Copperhead stance for their party, dey find themselves for wahala. Even though during the war, dem still dey keep the racist views of their party and no care for slave concerns, dem see the Proclamation as good military tool against South and dey worry say if dem go oppose am e fit shake the Union army morale. This matter go continue to disturb dem and fit cause split for their party as the war dey go on[101].
Lincoln dey push plenty people for the Union away just two days after e drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation by suspending habeas corpus. His opponents connect this two move to say he dey turn despot. Because of this and military no dey thrive for Union armies, plenty War Democrat voters wey don support Lincoln before turn against am and join Copperheads for the off-year elections wey happen for October and November.[102]
Abe Lincoln Last Card; Or, Rouge-et-Noir (Red and Black), na cartoon wey John Tenniel draw make e appear for Punch after London Times talk say Lincoln don play him 'last card' when e drop the Proclamation for October 1862. Lincoln hair be sharp, e dey look like horns. Dem dey print dis cartoon well well for Copperhead press.[103][104]Template:Page needed
Di Proclamation dem denounce am sharp sharp, Copperhead Democrats wey no gree war and wan make dem bring back di union by allowing slavery. Horatio Seymour wey dey run for New York governor, him talk say di Emancipation Proclamation be call for slaves to dey commit wahala for all di white southerners, him yarn say na "proposal for di butchery of women and children, for scenes of lust and rapine, and of arson and murder, wey go call for civilized Europe to intervene". Di Copperheads too see di Proclamation as mistake wey dey misuse presidential power. Editor Henry A. Reeves write for Greenport's Republican Watchman say "For di name of freedom for Negroes, [di proclamation] dey put white men liberty for wahala; to test one utopian theory of equality wey Nature, History and Experience dey gree as monster, e dey scatter di Constitution and Civil Laws and set Military Usurpation on top".
[105]Racism dey everywhere for both sides, and plenty people for di North support di war just to force di South to stay for di Union. Di promises of plenty Republican politicians wey talk say di war na to restore di Union and no be about black rights or ending slavery dem mark am as lies by dia opponents, wey use di Proclamation talk am. For Columbiana, Ohio, Copperhead David Allen tell crowd, "Now fellow Democrats I go ask you if you wan force yourself enter war against your Britheren of di Southern States for di Negro. I answer No!" Di Copperheads sabi so di Proclamation be proof wey no fit argue for dia side and di start of political rise for dem members; for Connecticut, H. B. Whiting write say di truth don show even to "those stupid thickheaded persons wey dey think say di President na conservative man and di war na for di restoration of di Union under di Constitution."[106]
War Democrats wey no gree with Copperhead stance for their party, dey find themselves for wahala. Even though during the war, dem still dey keep the racist views of their party and no care for slave concerns, dem see the Proclamation as good military tool against South and dey worry say if dem go oppose am e fit shake the Union army morale. This matter go continue to disturb dem and fit cause split for their party as the war dey go on[107].
Lincoln dey push plenty people for the Union away just two days after e drop the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation by suspending habeas corpus. His opponents connect this two move to say he dey turn despot. Because of this and military no dey thrive for Union armies, plenty War Democrat voters wey don support Lincoln before turn against am and join Copperheads for the off-year elections wey happen for October and November.[108]
For 1862 elections, Democrats chop 28 seats for House plus dem take governorship for New York. Lincoln padi, Orville Hickman Browning, tell am say the Proclamation and suspension of habeas corpus be like disaster for him party, e give Democrats plenty weapons. Lincoln no talk anything back. Copperhead William Jarvis from Connecticut talk say di election be di 'beginning of di end of Abolitionism wahala'.[109]
Historians like James M. McPherson and Allan Nevins dey talk say even though di results fit look bad, Lincoln fit still see am as good; his enemies do well only for di areas wey dem sabi best and 'for di national level, wetin dem gain for House na di smallest wey any minority party don get for off-year election wey don pass near a generation. Michigan, California, and Iowa all go Republican... Plus, di Republicans collect five seats for Senate.[110]' McPherson talk say, 'If di election be referendum on emancipation and how Lincoln dey handle di war, plenty Northern voters support these policies.'[111]
"NEGROES DEY LEAVE DEM HOME: Di picture for page 237 show one side of di war wey di rebels no fit look with any joy. Di way di slaves dey run away from di wahala wey don dey disturb dem long time don dey happen since dem first strike blow for national honour, and e still dey happen, plenty poor people dey waka enter di Union side every week for all di places. Our sketch show di heart-breaking sight wey surround di homes of di negroes, and di energy wey dem use space make dem find freedom anytime dem get chance. Di Federal gun-boat dey far for sea, but di sharp eyes of di waiting bondmen don catch di flag wey she carry; dem sabi say under di flag na safe place for dem, so dem launch dia small boat, carry di old and sick ones with dia few important things, and as dem dey leave dem rough home, dem get small pain for heart, but hope and joy dey for dia mind for di freedom wey dey await dem, as dem pull away from di shore, wey go just dey remind dem of dark past. E get emotion plus history for di picture." (Harper's Weekly, April 9, 1864)
"NEGROES DEY LEAVE DEM HOME: Di picture for page 237 show one side of di war wey di rebels no fit look with any joy. Di way di slaves dey run away from di wahala wey don dey disturb dem long time don dey happen since dem first strike blow for national honour, and e still dey happen, plenty poor people dey waka enter di Union side every week for all di places. Our sketch show di heart-breaking sight wey surround di homes of di negroes, and di energy wey dem use space make dem find freedom anytime dem get chance. Di Federal gun-boat dey far for sea, but di sharp eyes of di waiting bondmen don catch di flag wey she carry; dem sabi say under di flag na safe place for dem, so dem launch dia small boat, carry di old and sick ones with dia few important things, and as dem dey leave dem rough home, dem get small pain for heart, but hope and joy dey for dia mind for di freedom wey dey await dem, as dem pull away from di shore, wey go just dey remind dem of dark past. E get emotion plus history for di picture." (Harper's Weekly, April 9, 1864)
Di first Confedrate response na anger. Dem see di Proclamation as confirmation of di rebellion and proof say Lincoln for don finish slavery even if di states no come back join di Union. Dis one make di fear of slaves revolting increase and scatter morale, especially di slave owners wey see am as threat to dia business. For one letter wey U.S. Army general Ulysses S. Grant write to President Lincoln for August 1863, e talk say di proclamation wey dey "arm di negro", plus di "emancipation of di negro, na di heaviest blow dem don give di Confederacy so far." Di South dey craze plenty for am and dem dey vex well well[112]. For May 1863, small months after di Proclamation start, di Confederacy pass law wey dem dey demand 'full and ample retaliation' against di U.S. for di matter. Dem talk say black U.S. soldiers wey dem catch while dem dey fight di Confederacy go face court as slave rebels—dis one go fit land dem for serious wahala wey fit end for death. Less than one year after di law pass, di Confederates kill plenty black U.S. soldiers for Fort Pillow.[113]
President Jefferson Davis react to di Emancipation Proclamation with fire and for im speech to di Confederate Congress on January 12, im threaten say any U.S. military officer wey dem catch for Confederate ground go face state authority to charge dem for 'exciting servile insurrection', wey be serious matter..[114]
General Robert E. Lee call di Proclamation 'savage and brutal policy wey dem don proclaim, wey no go give us any choice but success or disgrace wey fit worse pass death.[115]
But some Confederates welcome di Proclamation, cos dem believe say e go make pro-slavery feeling strong for di Confederacy and fit make more white men join di army. One Confederate cavalry sergeant from Kentucky talk say, 'Di Proclamation worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least... E show wetin dis war come for and di plans of di wicked people wey bring am[116].' Even some Union soldiers gree with dis talk and dey fear di Proclamation no be on principle, but dem dey worry say e go make di Confederacy fight harder and hold onto slavery. One Union soldier from New York talk say after di Proclamation come out, I sabi well well how di southern people go fight for dem slavery matter, even if e mean say dem go face wahala wey fit finish dem.[117]
As e be say the Proclamation land, price for slaves for the Confederacy dey rise after dem issue am, one Confederate guy from South Carolina talk for 1865 say, "now be time make Uncle buy some negro women and pikin...." [118]
The way wey Lincoln wan am, the proclamation change wetin people for foreign land dey think, dem dey support the Union as dem get backing from countries wey no dey like slavery and those wey don already stop am (especially for developed places like UK and France). This change scatter the Confederacy hopes of getting any official recognition[119]. The Emancipation Proclamation make clear say to stop slavery be serious Union goal, e connect support for the South to support for slavery. People for Britain no go fit support slavery. As Henry Adams talk, "The Emancipation Proclamation don do more for us than all our old victories and all our diplomacy." For Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi call Lincoln "the heir of the aspirations of John Brown". On August 6, 1863, Garibaldi write to Lincoln say: "Posterity go call you the great emancipator, better title than any crown fit be, and bigger than any earthly treasure[120]."
Mayor Abel Haywood, wey represent workers from Manchester, England, write to Lincoln talk say, "We dey honor you for all the correct steps wey you dey take to show say you believe in wetin your great founders talk: 'All men be free and equa[121]l.'" The Emancipation Proclamation help cool tension with Europe about the North's war matter, plus the recent Southern attack wey fail for Antietam, come make e clear say no chance for Confederacy to get foreign military help for the war.[122]
But still, even with the Emancipation Proclamation, arms sales to the Confederacy through blockade running, from British companies and dealers, still dey happen, with the British government sabi am.[123]Confederacy fit hold the war for two more years mostly because British blockade runners dey supply dem weapons. As dem dey run, e cause 400,000 more soldiers and civilians for both sides to die..[124][125][126][127]
Lincoln talk the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, wey e show small small about the Proclamation and how e wan end slavery as war goal with di phrase "new birth of freedom". Di Proclamation really help Lincoln for gain support from di fast growing abolitionist people for di Republican Party and make sure say dem no go block am for 1864 renomination.[128]
For December 1863, Lincoln drop di Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, wey talk how di rebel states fit repair dem relationship with di Union. Di main points be say di states go accept di Emancipation Proclamation and grant freedom to dem slaves, and accept di Confiscation Acts, plus di Act wey dey ban slavery for United States territories.[129]
Dis Ambrotype be picture of African American woman wey hold flag, dem talk say she be washerwoman for Union soldiers wey dey stay outside Richmond, Virginia (Smithsonian 2005.0002.01)
As war dem dey finish, abolitionists dey fear say di Emancipation Proclamation go just be war tactics, wetin Lincoln wan make happen, and e no go fit hold once dem stop fight. Dem dey vex say dem wan secure freedom for all di slaves, no be only di ones wey Emancipation Proclamation go free. So, Lincoln put plenty for im 1864 presidential campaign for di constitutional amendment wey go ban slavery for di whole U.S. Lincoln campaign get boost from votes for Maryland and Missouri wey wan end slavery for dia states. Maryland new constitution wey ban slavery start work on November 1, 1864[130]. Slavery for Missouri end on January 11, 1865, when dem gather for state convention approve di law wey go end slavery by 60-4 vote,[131], and that same day Governor Thomas C. Fletcher drop im own 'Proclamation of Freedom.'[132]
As Lincoln win re-election, im push di lame duck 38th Congress make dem pass di proposed amendment sharp-sharp instead of waiting for di new 39th Congress. For January 1865, Congress send di Thirteenth Amendment wey go ban slavery for all U.S. states and areas, except as punishment for crime, go di state legislatures for dem to ratify. Di amendment get enough states wey ratify am by December 6, 1865, and dem announce am 12 days later. Dem say around 40,000 slaves dey for Kentucky and 1,000 for Delaware wey dem free then.[133]
Dem say Lincoln’s proclamation be one of di most radical freedom moves wey don happen for di modern world[134]. But as time dey go, America still dey do black people anyhow, so people begin dey doubt Lincoln and di Emancipation Proclamation. One person wey attack am be Lerone Bennett for him book Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln's White Dream (2000), wey talk say Lincoln be white supremacist wey just issue di Proclamation instead of real changes wey di radical abolitionists dey fight for. But one review talk say "Few Civil War scholars dey take Bennett and DiLorenzo serious, dem dey point out dia small political agenda and faulty research.[135]" For him book Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, Allen C. Guelzo observe say professional historians no too respect di document well, as e don collect small major scholarly studies. E talk say Lincoln be di U.S.'s "last Enlightenment politician[136]" and because of dat he get "loyalty to 'reason, cold, calculating, unimpassioned reason'.... But di most important political virtue wey Enlightenment give Lincoln, and di Proclamation, na prudence".[137]
Some other historians dey give Lincoln more props for wetin e do towards ending slavery and how e grow for political and moral status. Maybe more for happen if dem no kill am. As Eric Foner talk:[138]
Lincoln no be abolitionist or Radical Republican, Bennett dey remind us plenty times. E no like immediate abolition before war start, and he get some racist ideas wey people get for him time. But this guy dey believe say slavery no be correct, and during Civil War, e show say he fit grow for moral and political matter[139].
Kal Ashraf talk say:
Maybe if we no dey see am as Lincoln be lone fighter against collective freedom fighters, we go fit sabi say dem fit work together well. True talk: flawed and racist Lincoln still do something wey be heroic, no be say e do am alone, but e dey power by collective effort. To call am 'Great Emancipator' fit make we forget wetin him actions mean. How him be as person, no be anybody fit really sabi. So the version of Lincoln we dey hold, na the same version we dey create.[140]
President Barack Obama dey look Emancipation Proclamation for Oval Office wey dey hang for top Martin Luther King Jr. bust for 2010
President Barack Obama dey look Emancipation Proclamation for Oval Office wey dey hang for top Martin Luther King Jr. bust for 2010
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. talk plenty about Emancipation Proclamation during civil rights movement. E even get one address wey him do for New York City on September 12, 1962, wey him talk say the Proclamation dey beside the Declaration of Independence as one “imperishable” gift to civilization. E add say, 'All tyrants, past, present and future, no fit bury the truth wey dey inside these declarations....' Him dey lament say even though United States “they proudly talk the basic principles wey dey both documents,” e dey “sadly practice the opposite of these principles.” Him conclude say, “The only way we fit celebrate the Emancipation Proclamation be to make the freedom wey e declare real; to go back to di origin of our nation when we message of equality shine light for unfree world, and to reaffirm democracy by action wey bold and daring like the Emancipation Proclamation issuance.[141]
” King's most popular talk wey concern Emancipation Proclamation na for speech wey him give from Lincoln Memorial steps at di 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (we dey call am di “I Have a Dream” speech). King start di speech with say “Five score years ago, one big American, inside whose shadow we dey stand, sign di Emancipation Proclamation. Dis important decree come like big beacon light of hope for plenty Negro slaves wey don dey suffer for injustice. E come like joyful daybreak to end di long night of dem captivity. But one hundred years later, we go face di tragic truth say di Negro still no dey free. One hundred years later, di life of di Negro still dey suffer from di chains of segregation and di manacles of discrimination.[142]
For di early 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and him guys call President John F. Kennedy make e sidestep di Southern segregationist wey dey cause wahala for di Congress. Dem wan make him issue executive order wey go end di segregation[143]. Dis paper wey dem get in mind na di "Second Emancipation Proclamation". But Kennedy no follow through; e no issue di second Emancipation Proclamation and e dey avoid all di centennial celebration wey dey show say emancipation don happen. Historian David W. Blight talk say, even though di idea of executive order as second Emancipation Proclamation don almost vanish, di manifesto wey King and him boys create call for di executive order show say him sabi di American politics well and how moral leadership fit influence di American people through executive order. Although e no fit push for second Emancipation Proclamation from di White House, e still important say make dem try fight di structured forgetting of emancipation wey dey hidden for Civil War memory.[144]
On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy talk for national television about civil rights. Kennedy wey some activists dey fit call timid remind di people say two black students don peacefully enter University of Alabama with help from di National Guard, even as Governor George Wallace dey oppose am. John Kennedy call am "moral issue."[145] Invoking di centennial of di Emancipation Proclamation him talk,
One hundred years now pass since President Lincoln free slaves, but their pikin dem, their grandsons, still no dey free. Dem still dey suffer from injustice. Dem still dey under social and economic wahala. And dis Nation, wey get all di dreams and big talk, go no fit dey fully free until all di people dey free. We dey shout freedom for everywhere, and we mean am, and we hold our freedom tight for home, but wetin we go tell di world, and more importantly, to ourselves say dis na land of di free except for Negroes; say we no get second-class citizens except Negroes; say we no get class or caste system, no ghettoes, no master race except with respect to Negroes? E don reach time for dis Nation to do wetin dem promise. Di wahala for Birmingham and everywhere don make di call for equality loud enough wey no city or State or law-making body fit ignore am. For di same speech, Kennedy talk say e go bring plenty civil rights bill come inside United States Congress, and e really do am one week later. Kennedy dey push for am make dem pass until dem kill am for November 22, 1963. Historian Peniel E. Joseph sabi say how Lyndon Johnson fit take dat bill, di Civil Rights Act of 1964, sign am into law for July 2, 1964, na because of di strong moral vibe wey dey for di June 11 speech, wey change di story of civil rights from one local matter to national gist wey dey promote racial equality and democratic fresh start.[146]
As civil rights movement dey hot for 1960s, Lyndon B. Johnson bring Emancipation Proclamation come front, say e be promise we never fully fulfill yet. As vice president, for Gettysburg on May 30, 1963 (Memorial Day), during 100 years anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, Johnson connect am straight with civil rights wahala wey dey happen, him talk say "One hundred years ago, dem free slave. One hundred years later, Negro still dey suffer because of him skin color.... For this time, na no be our races wey dey at stake—na our nation. Make all wey care for obodo step up, North and South, white and Negro, make dem show way through this hard time.... Until justice no dey see color, until education no dey check race, until opportunity no dey care about men skin color, emancipation go just dey be talk but no be reality. As long as we no fulfill the proclamation of emancipation, we go still dey fall short for freedom for all wey suppose be free."[147]
As president, Johnson still bring the proclamation come again for speech wey e talk about Voting Rights Act for Congress on March 15, 1965. Na one week after violence don meet peaceful civil rights marchers during Selma to Montgomery march. Johnson talk say "no be only Negroes, na all of us, wey need to better pass bigotry and injustice. And we go overcome. I be man wey roots dey deep for Southern soil, I sabi how race matter fit dey pain. I sabi how hard e fit be to change our society structure and attitude. But na century don pass—more than 100 years—since dem free Negro. And e no fully free tonight. E don pass 100 years since Abraham Lincoln—one big President from another party—sign Emancipation Proclamation. But emancipation na just talk, no be reality. E don pass century—more than 100 years—since dem promise equality, but the Negro still no get am. E don long since the day dem promise, and di promise still dey ground. Now na di time for justice don show, and I go tell you say I truly believe say no force fit stop am. E go shine for di eye of man and God say e gatz come, and when e show, dat day go bright each American life.[148]
Insyd de 1963 episode of The Andy Griffith Show, "Andy Discovers America", Andy dey biz Barney make he explain de Emancipation Proclamation to Opie wey dey struggle plus history at school.[150] Barney dey brag about ein history expertise, yet e be apparent he no fi answer Andy ein question. He finally cam turn frustrated wey he explain am say ebe a proclamation give certain people wey want emancipation.[151] In addition, na de Emancipation Proclamation sanso be a main item of discussion insyd de movie Lincoln (2012) wey Steven Spielberg direct.[152]
Di Emancipation Proclamation dey celebrate all over di world, even for stamp wey nations like Republic of Togo dey use[153]. Di United States mark am for August 16, 1963, di first day for di Century of Negro Progress Exhibition for Chicago, Illinois. Na Georg Olden design am, di first printing wey dem approve na 120 million stamps.[154]
↑ 7.07.1Davis, Kenneth C. (2003). Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. pp. 227–228. ISBN978-0-06-008381-6.
↑Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union, vol. 6: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863 (1960) pp. 231–241, 273
↑Freehling, William W., The South vs. The South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War. Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 118.
↑Lowell Hayes Harrison and James C. Klotter (1997). A new history of Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky. p. 180. ISBN0813126215. In 1866, Kentucky refused to ratify the 13th Amendment. It did ratify it in 1976.
↑Freehling, William W. (2001). The South vs. The South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 111.
↑Brewster, Todd (2014). Lincoln's Gamble: The Tumultuous Six Months that Gave America the Emancipation Proclamation and Changed the Course of the Civil War. Scribner. p. 59. ISBN978-1451693867.
↑McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom, (1988), p. 557.
↑Carpenter, Frank B. (1866). Six Months at the White House. Applewood Books. p. 90. ISBN978-1-4290-1527-1. Retrieved February 20, 2010. as reported by Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon Portland Chase, September 22, 1862. Others present used the word resolution instead of vow to God.
Gideon Welles, Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911), 1:143, reported that Lincoln made a covenant with God that if God would change the tide of the war, Lincoln would change his policy toward slavery. See also Nicolas Parrillo, "Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War", Civil War History (September 1, 2000).
↑Richard Duncan, Beleaguered Winchester: A Virginia Community at War (Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press, 2007), pp. 139–40
↑Ira Berlin et al., eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation 1861–1867, Vol. 1: The Destruction of Slavery (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 260
↑William Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 1861–1865 (NY: Viking Press, 2001), p. 234
↑"Important From Key West", The New York Times February 4, 1863, p. 1
↑Grant, Ulysses (August 23, 1863). "Letter to Abraham Lincoln". Cairo, Illinois. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014. I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support. This, with the emancipation of the Negro, is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy. The South rave a greatdeel about it and profess to be very angry.
↑Tap, Bruce (2013). The Fort Pillow Massacre: North, South, and the Status of African Americans in the Civil War Era. Routledge.
↑White, Jonathan W., "Achieving Emancipation in Maryland," in The Civil War in Maryland Reconsidered, edited by Charles W. Mitchell and Jean H. Baker, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2021, p. 249.
↑Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (August 28, 1963). "I Have A Dream". The King Center. Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
C. Peter Ripley, Roy E. Finkenbine, Michael F. Hembree, Donald Yacovone, editors, Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation (1993) ISBN0807820725
Belz, Herman. Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era (1978) onlineArchived August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Biddle, Daniel R., and Murray Dubin. "'God Is Settling the Account': African American Reaction to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation", Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (Jan. 2013) 137#1 57–78.
Blackiston, Harry S. "Lincoln's Emancipation Plan." Journal of Negro History 7, no. 3 (1922): 257–277.
Blair, William A. and Younger, Karen Fisher, eds. Lincoln's Proclamation: Emancipation Reconsidered (The University of North Carolina Press, 2009) ISBN978-0-8078-3316-2Review
Carnahan, Burrus M. Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War (The University Press of Kentucky, 2007) ISBN978-0-8131-2463-6
Crowther, Edward R. "Emancipation Proclamation", in Encyclopedia of the American Civil War. Heidler, David S. and Heidler, Jeanne T. (2000) ISBN0-393-04758-X
Chambers Jr., Henry L. "Lincoln, the Emancipation Proclamation, and Executive Power." Maryland Law Review 73 (2013): 100+ online
Ewan, Christopher. "The Emancipation Proclamation and British Public Opinion" The Historian, Vol. 67, 2005
Franklin, John Hope. The Emancipation Proclamation (1963) onlineArchived July 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Harold Holzer, Edna Greene Medford, and Frank J. Williams. The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views (Louisiana State University Press, 2006) ISBN0-8071-3144-X
Harold Holzer. Emancipating Lincoln: The Proclamation in Text, Context, and Memory (Harvard University Press, 2012) ISBN978-0-674-06440-9
Jones, Howard. Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (1999) onlineArchived June 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Webcast DiscussionArchived July 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine with Pulitzer Prize-winning author James McPherson and James Cornelius, Curator of the Lincoln Collection in the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum about the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation
![A dark-haired, bearded, middle-aged man holding documents is seated among seven other men.]]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/330px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg)
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