Epidemiology of autism
De epidemiology of autism be de study of de incidence den distribution of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders dem find a median prevalence of 1% insyd kiddies insyd studies dem publish from 2012 to 2021, plus a trend of increasing prevalence over time. However, de study ein 1% figure fi reflect an underestimate of prevalence insyd low- and middle-income countries.[1][2]
Socioeconomic barriers sanso dey affect access to treatment. Secof de high cost of individualized therapies such as applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech therapy, den occupational therapy; approximately 36% of kiddies plus ASD face difficulty affording care anaa remain untreated.[3][4]
ASD be a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, den although wat dey cause am still no be entirely known, efforts be made to outline causative mechanisms den how dem dey give rise to de disorder.[5] De risk of developing autism be increased insyd de presence of various prenatal factors, wey dey include advanced paternal age den diabetes insyd de mommie during pregnancy.[6] Insyd rare cases, autism strongly be associated plus agents wey dey cause birth defects.[7] E be shown to be related to genetic disorders[8] den plus epilepsy.[9] ASD be believed to be largely inherited, although de genetics of ASD be complex wey e be unclear wich genes be responsible.[10][11][12][13] ASD sanso be associated plus several intellectual anaa emotional gifts, wich lead to a variety of hypotheses from within evolutionary psychiatry wey autistic traits play a beneficial role over human evolutionary history.[14][15]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Zeidan, Jinan; Fombonne, Eric; Scorah, Julie; Ibrahim, Alaa; Durkin, Maureen S.; Saxena, Shekhar; Yusuf, Afiqah; Shih, Andy; Elsabbagh, Mayada (May 2022). "Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update". Autism Research. 15 (5): 778–790. doi:10.1002/aur.2696. PMC 9310578. PMID 35238171.
- ↑ Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh YJ, Kim YS, Kauchali S, Marcín C, et al. (June 2012). "Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders". Autism Research. 5 (3): 160–79. doi:10.1002/aur.239. PMC 3763210. PMID 22495912.
- ↑ KyoCare. (2024). The financial cost of autism therapy and access challenges. Retrieved October 25, 2025
- ↑ Littman, R., et al. (2023). Economic and access disparities among U.S. children receiving ASD-related services. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 44(2), 95–107.
- ↑ Sarovic D (November 2021). "A Unifying Theory for Autism: The Pathogenetic Triad as a Theoretical Framework". Frontiers in Psychiatry (Review). 12 767075. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.767075. PMC 8637925. PMID 34867553. S2CID 244119594.
- ↑ Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL (July 2009). "Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 195 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051672. PMC 3712619. PMID 19567888.
- ↑ Arndt TL, Stodgell CJ, Rodier PM (2005). "The teratology of autism". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 23 (2–3): 189–99. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001. PMID 15749245. S2CID 17797266.
- ↑ Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E (June 2007). "Childhood autism and associated comorbidities". Brain & Development. 29 (5): 257–72. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003. PMID 17084999. S2CID 16386209.
- ↑ Levisohn PM (2007). "The autism-epilepsy connection". Epilepsia. 48 (Suppl 9): 33–5. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01399.x. PMID 18047599. S2CID 25651749.
- ↑ Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, et al. (2007). "The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders". Annual Review of Public Health. 28 (1): 235–58. Bibcode:2007ARPH...28..235N. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007. PMID 17367287.
- ↑ Sandin, S.; Lichtenstein, P.; Kuja-Halkola, R.; Hultman, C.; Larsson, H.; Reichenberg, A. (26 September 2017). "The Heritability of Autism Spectrum Disorder". JAMA. 318 (12): 1182–1184. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12141. PMC 5818813. PMID 28973605.
- ↑ Freitag CM (January 2007). "The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature". Molecular Psychiatry. 12 (1): 2–22. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001896. PMID 17033636. S2CID 205678822.
- ↑ Trottier G, Srivastava L, Walker CD (March 1999). "Etiology of infantile autism: a review of recent advances in genetic and neurobiological research". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 24 (2): 103–15. PMC 1188990. PMID 10212552.
- ↑ Baron-Cohen S (10 November 2020). The pattern seekers: how autism drives human invention. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-5416-4713-8. OCLC 1204602315.
- ↑ Crespi BJ (2016-06-30). "Autism As a Disorder of High Intelligence". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 10: 300. doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00300. PMC 4927579. PMID 27445671.
External links
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