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Epilepsy

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epilepsy
class of disease
Subclass ofencephalopathy, disease Edit
Has causeasphyxia neonatorum, traumatic brain injury, infection of the central nervous system, brain tumor, stroke Edit
Has effectPostictal twilight state Edit
Studied byepileptology Edit
Health specialtyneurology, epileptology Edit
ICPC 2 IDN88 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3020 Edit

Epilepsy be a group of neurological disorders wey b e characterized by a tendency for recurrent, unprovoked seizures.[1] A seizure be a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activity insyd de brain wey fi cause a variety of symptoms, dey range from brief lapses of awareness anaa muscle jerks to prolonged convulsions.[2] Dese episodes fi result in physical injuries, either directly, such as broken bones, anaa thru causing accidents. De diagnosis of epilepsy typically dey require at least two unprovoked seizures wey dey occur more dan 24 hours apart.[3] Insyd sam cases, however, e fi be diagnosed after a single unprovoked seizure if clinical evidence dey suggest a high risk of recurrence.[1] Isolated seizures wey occur widout recurrence risk anaa dem be provoked by identifiable causes dem no consider indicative of epilepsy.[4]

De underlying cause often be unknown,[3] buh epilepsy fi result from brain injury, stroke, infections, tumors, Cavernous hemangiomas[5], genetic conditions, anaa developmental abnormalities.[6][7][8] Epilepsy wey dey occur as a result of oda issues fi be preventable.[2] Diagnosis dey involve ruling out oda conditions wey fi resemble seizures, wey fi include neuroimaging, blood tests, den electroencephalography (EEG).[9]

Chaw cases of epilepsy — approximately 69% — fi be effectively controlled plus anti-seizure medications,[10] wey inexpensive treatment options be widely available. For those wey dema seizures no dey respond to drugs, oda approaches, such as surgery, neurostimulation anaa dietary changes, fi be considered.[11][12] No be all cases of epilepsy be lifelong, wey chaw people improve to de point sam dem no longer dey hia treatment.[2]

As of 2024, na approximately 50 million people worldwide get epilepsy, plus nearly 80% of cases wey dey occur insyd low- den middle-income countries.[2] De burden of epilepsy insyd low-income countries be more dan twice dat insyd high-income countries, likely secof higher exposure to risk factors such as perinatal injury, infections, den traumatic brain injury, dem combine plus limited access to healthcare.[13] Insyd 2021, na epilepsy be responsible for an estimated 140,000 deaths, an increase from 125,000 insyd 1990.[14]

Epilepsy be more common insyd both kiddies den older adults.[15][16] About 5–10% of people go get an unprovoked seizure by de age of 80.[17] De chance of experiencing a second seizure within two years after de first be around 40%.[18][19]

People plus epilepsy fi be treated differently insyd chaw areas of de world wey dem dey experience varying degrees of social stigma secof de alarming nature of dema symptoms.[3][20] Insyd chaw countries, people plus epilepsy face driving restrictions wey dem for be seizure-free for a set period before dem go regain eligibility to drive.[21] De word epilepsy be from Ancient Greek ἐπιλαμβάνειν, 'to seize, possess, anaa afflict'.[22]

References

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  1. 1 2 Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, Engel J, Forsgren L, French JA, Glynn M, Hesdorffer DC, Lee BI, Mathern GW, Moshé SL, Perucca E, Scheffer IE, Tomson T, Watanabe M, Wiebe S (April 2014). "ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 55 (4): 475–482. doi:10.1111/epi.12550. PMID 24730690.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Epilepsy Fact sheet". WHO. February 2024. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 "Epilepsy". World Health Organization (in English). Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  4. ↑ Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, Engel J (April 2005). "Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)". Epilepsia. 46 (4): 470–472. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. PMID 15816939.
  5. ↑ "Surgical Neurology International" (in American English). Retrieved 2025-12-08.
  6. ↑ Pandolfo M (November 2011). "Genetics of epilepsy". Seminars in Neurology. 31 (5): 506–518. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1299789. PMID 22266888.
  7. ↑ Hammer GD, McPhee SJ, eds. (2010). "7". Pathophysiology of disease: an introduction to clinical medicine (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-162167-0.
  8. ↑ Goldberg EM, Coulter DA (May 2013). "Mechanisms of epileptogenesis: a convergence on neural circuit dysfunction". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 14 (5): 337–349. doi:10.1038/nrn3482. PMC 3982383. PMID 23595016.
  9. ↑ Longo DL (2012). "369 Seizures and Epilepsy". Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 3258. ISBN 978-0-07-174887-2.
  10. ↑ Eadie MJ (December 2012). "Shortcomings in the current treatment of epilepsy". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 12 (12): 1419–1427. doi:10.1586/ern.12.129. PMID 23237349.
  11. ↑ Bergey GK (June 2013). "Neurostimulation in the treatment of epilepsy". Experimental Neurology. 244: 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.004. PMID 23583414.
  12. ↑ Martin-McGill KJ, Bresnahan R, Levy RG, Cooper PN (June 2020). "Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (6) CD001903. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001903.pub5. PMC 7387249. PMID 32588435.
  13. ↑ Newton CR, Garcia HH (September 2012). "Epilepsy in poor regions of the world". Lancet. 380 (9848): 1193–1201. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6. PMID 23021288.
  14. ↑ Sinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N, Nichols E, Cao B, Servili C, et al. (1 April 2024). "Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021". The Lancet Neurology. 23 (4). Elsevier: 344–381. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00038-3. hdl:1959.4/102176. PMC 10949203. PMID 38493795.
  15. ↑ Brodie MJ, Elder AT, Kwan P (November 2009). "Epilepsy in later life". The Lancet. Neurology. 8 (11): 1019–1030. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70240-6. PMID 19800848.
  16. ↑ Holmes TR, Browne GL (2008). Handbook of epilepsy (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7817-7397-3.
  17. ↑ Wilden JA, Cohen-Gadol AA (August 2012). "Evaluation of first nonfebrile seizures". American Family Physician. 86 (4): 334–340. PMID 22963022.
  18. ↑ Neligan A, Adan G, Nevitt SJ, Pullen A, Sander JW, Bonnett L, Marson AG, et al. (Cochrane Epilepsy Group) (January 2023). "Prognosis of adults and children following a first unprovoked seizure". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1) CD013847. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013847.pub2. PMC 9869434. PMID 36688481.
  19. ↑ Epilepsy: what are the chances of having a second seizure? (Report). 16 August 2023. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_59456.
  20. ↑ "Epilepsy". Fact Sheets. World Health Organization. October 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  21. ↑ L Devlin A, Odell M, L Charlton J, Koppel S (December 2012). "Epilepsy and driving: current status of research". Epilepsy Research. 102 (3): 135–152. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.08.003. PMID 22981339.
  22. ↑ Magiorkinis E, Sidiropoulou K, Diamantis A (January 2010). "Hallmarks in the history of epilepsy: epilepsy in antiquity". Epilepsy & Behavior. 17 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.10.023. PMID 19963440.

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