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Esophageal cancer

From Wikipedia
esophageal cancer
type of disease
Subclass ofesophageal neoplasm, gastrointestinal system cancer Edit
Health specialtyoncology, general surgery, gastroenterology Edit
Medical examinationendoscopy, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, biopsy Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentmethotrexate, carboplatin, cisplatin, ginsenoside Rg3 Edit
Anatomical locationesophagus Edit
ICD-9-CM150.4, 150.3, 150.2, 150.5, 150.8 Edit

Esophageal cancer (American English) anaa oesophageal cancer (British English) be cancer wey dey arise from de esophagus—de food pipe wey dey run between de throat den de stomach.[1] Symptoms often dey include difficulty in swallowing den weight loss.[2] Oda symptoms fi include pain wen swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") around de collarbone, a dry cough, den possibly coughing up anaa vomiting blood.[2]

De two main sub-types of de disease be esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (dem often abbreviate to ESCC),[3] wich be more common insyd de developing world, den esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), wich be more common insyd de developed world.[1] A number of less common types sanso dey occur.[1] Squamous-cell carcinoma dey arise from de epithelial cells wey dey line de esophagus.[4] Adenocarcinoma dey arise from glandular cells present insyd de lower third of de esophagus, often wer dem already transform to intestinal cell type (a condition dem know as Barrett's esophagus).[1][5]

Causes of de squamous-cell type dey include tobacco, alcohol, very hot drinks, poor diet, den chewing betel nut.[6][7] De most common causes of de adenocarcinoma type be smoking tobacco, obesity, den acid reflux.[6] In addition, for patients plus achalasia, candidiasis (overgrowth of de esophagus plus de fungus candida) be de most important risk factor.[8]

De disease be diagnosed by biopsy dem do by an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera).[9] Prevention dey include make dem shun dey smoke den make dem dey chop a healthy diet.[1][2] Treatment be based on de cancer's stage den location, togeda plus de person ein general condition den individual preferences.[9] Small localized squamous-cell cancers fi be treated plus surgery alone plus de hope of a cure.[9] Insyd chaw oda cases, chemotherapy plus anaa widout radiation therapy be used along plus surgery.[9] Larger tumors fi get dema growth slowed plus chemotherapy den radiation therapy.[1] Insyd de presence of extensive disease anaa if de affected person no be fit enough to undergo surgery, palliative care often be recommended.[9]

As of 2018, na esophageal cancer be de eighth-most common cancer globally plus 572,000 new cases during de year. E cause about 509,000 deaths dat year, up from 345,000 insyd 1990.[10][11] Rates dey vary widely among countries, wey about half of all cases dey occur insyd China.[1] E be around three times more common insyd men dan insyd women.[1] Outcomes be related to de extent of de disease den oda medical conditions, buh generally tend to be fairly poor, as diagnosis often be late.[1][12] Five-year survival rates be around 13% to 18%.[2][13]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Montgomery EA, Basman FT, Brennan P, Malekzadeh R (2014). "Oesophageal Cancer". In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. pp. 528–543. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Ferri FF, ed. (2012). "Tumors". Ferri's clinical advisor 2013. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby (Elsevier). pp. 389–391. ISBN 978-0-323-08373-7. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19.
  3. ↑ Even by those wey dey use de British English spelling "oesophagus"
  4. ↑ Kelsen D (2007). Gastrointestinal oncology: principles and practices (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7817-7617-2. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25.
  5. ↑ Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, eds. (2006). Cancer epidemiology and prevention (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 697. ISBN 978-0-19-974797-9. Archived from the original on 2015-10-31.
  6. 1 2 Zhang HZ, Jin GF, Shen HB (June 2012). "Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations". Chinese Journal of Cancer. 31 (6): 281–286. doi:10.5732/cjc.011.10390. PMC 3777490. PMID 22507220.
  7. ↑ Akhtar S (February 2013). "Areca nut chewing and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma risk in Asians: a meta-analysis of case-control studies". Cancer Causes & Control. 24 (2): 257–265. doi:10.1007/s10552-012-0113-9. PMID 23224324. S2CID 14356684.
  8. ↑ Guo X, Lam SY, Janmaat VT, de Jonge PJ, Hansen BE, Leeuwenburgh I, Peppelenbosch MP, Spaander MC, Fuhler GM (January 2025). "Esophageal Candida Infection and Esophageal Cancer Risk in Patients With Achalasia". JAMA Netw Open. 8 (1): e2454685. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54685. PMC 11733698. PMID 39808429.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Stahl M, Mariette C, Haustermans K, Cervantes A, Arnold D (October 2013). "Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up". Annals of Oncology. 24 (Suppl 6): vi51 – vi56. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt342. PMID 24078662.
  10. ↑ "Esophageal Cancer Factsheet" (PDF). Global Cancer Observatory. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  11. ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMC 10790329. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253.
  12. ↑ Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ (December 2003). "Esophageal cancer" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (23): 2241–2252. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035010. PMID 14657432. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-14.
  13. ↑ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Esophageal Cancer". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
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