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Fasting in Islam

From Wikipedia
fasting in Islam
Islamic term, Sufi terminology, dietary restriction, religious concept, spiritual practice
Subclass offasting, chastity, religious activity Edit
Part ofFive Pillars of Islam Edit
Get useworship in Islam, worship, religious rite Edit
Facet giveIslam, Sufism Edit
Native labelصَوْمٌ, صِيَامٌ Edit
Dem base am onAhkam as-Sawm Edit
Main subjectfasting pillars in Islam Edit
Dey followSuhur Edit
Followed byiftar Edit
Present in workfasting verses in Islam Edit
HashtagSawm, Siyam Edit
Get characteristicFard, Nafl Edit
Has listtypes of fasting in Islam Edit
Iftar, a meal dem consume take break fast. Ebe sunnah make dem break fast plus dates

Insyd Islam, fasting (dem know as sawm,[1] Arabic: صوم; Arabic pronunciation:[sˤawm] anaa siyam, Arabic: صيام; Arabic pronunciation: [sˤijaːm]) be de practice of abstaining, usually from chow, drink, sexual activity den anything wich dey substitute chow den drink. During de holy month of Ramadan, dem dey observe sawm between dawn den sunset wen dem dey call de adhan of de Maghrib prayer.[2] Ramadan be de ninth month of de Muslim lunar calendar wey fasting be a requirement give Muslims as e be de fourth of de five pillars of Islam.[3]

Introduction

Religious fasting no be a uniquely Muslim practice; na dem practice am for centuries by religions such as Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Judaism, den Taoism, among odas.[4] Dem state insyd de Quran dat Allah say:

O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may develop God-consciousness.

— Quran 2:183[4]

Sam cultures insyd North America fast make dem serve as penance for sin den avert catastrophes.[4] De official practices of de Inca Empire den chaw indigenous peoples of Mexico observe fasts make dem appease dema gods. Former nations such as Assyrians den Babylonians observe fasting as a form of penance. Jews dey observe fasting as a form of purification den penitence for de Day of Atonement anaa Yom Kippur annually. Dem no dey permit chow den drinks for dis day.[4]

Insyd de Quran

Insyd de Quran, dem mention de practice of fasting. Insyd verse 2:183,[5] de Quran dey express situations insyd wich dem allow a Muslim make e abstain from fasting wey dem introduce alternative solutions such as make dem feed needy people. Dem san emphasize insyd verse 2:183–185 say e no be necessary for people wey dey travel anaa dem be sick make dem fast, wey dem fi postpone am til "anoda equal number of days."[5] According to verse 5:95, among oda things, dem fi use fasting to make up for certain sins, such as sacrificing an animal during a state of ihram. Verse 2:185 sanso dey state dat na dem reveal de Quran insyd de month of Ramadan.[5] Anoda verse, 97:1, dey state say na dem reveal am "on de Night of Power," wer Muslims observe insyd one of de last 10 nights of Ramadan.[5]

O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, even as it was prescribed for those before you, that ye may ward off (evil); (Fast) a certain number of days; and (for) him who is sick among you, or on a journey, (the same) number of other days; and for those who can afford it there is a ransom: the feeding of a man in need – but whoso doeth good of his own accord, it is better for him: and that ye fast is better for you if ye did but know – The month of Ramadan in which was revealed the Qur'an, a guidance for mankind, and clear proofs of the guidance, and the Criterion (of right and wrong). And whosoever of you is present, let him fast the month, and whosoever of you is sick or on a journey, (let him fast the same) a number of other days. [...] It is made lawful for you to go in unto your wives on the night of the fast. [...] So hold intercourse with them and seek that which God hath ordained for you, and eat and drink until the white thread becometh distinct to you from the black thread of the dawn. Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall; and touch them not when at devotions in the mosques. These are the limits imposed by God, so approach them not. Thus God expoundeth His revelation to mankind that they may ward off (evil).

— Quran 2:183-187

Perform the pilgrimage and the visit for God. And if ye are prevented, then send such gifts as can be obtained with ease, and shave not your heads until the gifts have reached their destination. And whoever among you is sick or hath an ailment of the head must pay a ransom of fasting or almsgiving or offering. And if ye are in safety, then whosoever contenteth himself with the visit for the pilgrimage (shall give) such gifts as can be had with ease. And whosoever cannot find (such gifts), then a fast of three days while on the pilgrimage, and of seven when ye have returned that is, ten in all. That is for him whoso folk are not present at the Inviolable Place of Worship. Observe your duty to God, and know that God is severe in punishment.

— Quran 2:196

O ye who believe! Kill no wild game while ye are on the pilgrimage. Whoso of you killeth it of set purpose he shall pay its forfeit in the equivalent of that which he hath killed, of domestic animals, the judge to be two men among you known for justice, (the forfeit) to be brought as an offering to the Ka'bah; or, for expiation, he shall feed poor persons, or the equivalent thereof in fasting, that he may taste the evil consequences of his deed. God forgiveth whatever (of this kind) may have happened in the past, but whoso relapseth, God will take retribution from him. God is Mighty, Able to Requite (the wrong).

— Quran 5:95

Such of you as put away your wives (by saying they are as their mothers) They are not their mothers; none are their mothers except those who gave them birth—they indeed utter an ill word and a lie. And lo! God is Forgiving, Merciful. Those who put away their wives (by saying they are as their mothers) and afterward would go back on that which they have said; (the penalty) in that case (is) the freeing of a slave before they touch one another. Unto this, ye are exhorted, and God is informed of what ye do. And he who findeth not (the wherewithal), let him fast for two successive months before they touch one another; and for him who is unable to do so (the penance is) the feeding of sixty needy ones. This, that ye may put trust in God and His messenger. Such are the limits (imposed by God); and for disbelievers is a painful doom.

— Quran 58:2-4

Definition

Fasting primarily be an exercise of devotion make dem willingly renounce oneself, for a definite period of time, from all bodily appetites so say e go form spiritual discipline den self-control.[6] Dem prohibit Muslims from eating anaa drinking from dawn (fajr) to sunset (maghrib) wen dem call de adhan. Dem dey consider am time make dem begin fasting wen a person wey dey stand outsyd fi tell a white thread from a black thread, i.e. de light of de dawn den de darkness of de night.[7]

Conditions

Intention (niyyah)

"De intention (niyyah) dey mean resolving to fast. Ebe essential make dem do de intention de night before, night by night, insyd Ramadaan."[8] For fasting, making de intention to fast be necessary.[9]

General conditions

Thru out de duration of de fast einself, Muslims go abstain from certain provisions wey na de Quran otherwise allow; namely eating, drinking, den sexual intercourse.[4][10][11] Dis be in addition to de standard obligation already wey Muslims observe of make dem dey avoid dat wich no be permissible under Quranic anaa shari'a law (e.g. ignorant den indecent speech, arguing den fighting den lustful thoughts). Widout observing dis standard obligation, dem dey render de sawm useless wey ebe seen simply as an act of starvation. Fasting for be a motive to be more benevolent to fellow creatures. Charity to de poor den needy insyd dis month be one of de most rewardable worships.

If one be sick, pregnant, menstruating, nursing, anaa traveling, dem dey consider one exempt from fasting. Dem dey make up any fasts dem break anaa missed secof sickness, pregnancy, menstruation, nursing, anaa traveling wenever de person be able before de next month of Ramadan. According to de Quran, for all oda cases, dem only dey permit not fasting wen de act be potentially dangerous to one ein health – for example, those wey be sick, elderly, anaa on a journey, den women wey dey menstruate, dem preg, anaa nursing be permitted make dem break de fast, buh dem for make dis up by make dem pay a fidyah, wich be essentially de iftar den suhur give a fasting person wey dey require such financial help.[12]

Muslim scholars state say dem forbid observing de fast give menstruating women. However, wen a woman ein period cease, she for bathe den continue dey fast. Dem for make up any fasts dem break anaa miss secof menstruation wenever she fi do before de next month of Ramadan (no be all Muslims dey believe make dem make up missing fasts secof menstruation). Women for fast at times wen dem no dey menstruate, as de Quran dey indicate say dem ordain all religious duties give both men den women.

Fasting be obligatory for a person if dem fulfill five conditions:[13]

  1. Dem be Muslims;
  2. Dem be accountable (past de age of puberty);
  3. Dem be able make dem fast;
  4. Dem settle (dem no dey travel);
  5. Der be no impediments to fasting such as sickness, extreme pain from injury, breastfeeding, anaa pregnancy.

Breaking de fast den de consequences

During Ramadan, if one unintentionally break de fast by eating anaa drinking, then dem for continue fasting for de rest of de day wey de fast remain valid. Those wey intentionally break de fast by eating anaa drinking, dem for make up for dat wey dem sanso for repent. For breaking fast by having sexual intercourse, de consequences be:

  1. Make dem free a slave, wey if dat no be possible,
  2. Make dem fast for two consecutive Hijri (moon) months, wey if dat no be possible,
  3. Make dem feed anaa clothe sixty people in need.

During voluntary fasts, if one unintentionally break de fast then dem fi continue for de rest of de day wey de fast remain valid. If one intentionally break de fast der be no sin for dema top, secof ebe voluntary.[14][15]

Beginning den ending

Ending de fast for a mosque

In accordance plus traditions dem hand down from Muhammad, Muslims dey eat a pre-dawn meal dem call suhur. Dem for fini all eating den drinking before de adhan give fajr, de pre-dawn call to prayer. Unlike de zuhr den de magbrib prayer, wich get clear astronomical definitions (afternoon den after sunset), der be chaw definitions dem use in practice for de timing of "true dawn" (al-fajr al-ṣādiq), as dem mention insyd de hadith. Dese dey range from wen de center of de Sun be 12 to 21 degrees below de horizon[16] wich dey equate to about 40 to 60 minutes before civil dawn. Der be no restrictions for de morning meal oda dan those of Islamic dietary laws. After dem plete de suhur, Muslims recite de fajr prayer. Dem no fi take chow anaa beverage after suhur. Water fi enter de mouth, buh dem no fi swallow am, during wudu.

Dem know de meal dem dey chop to end de fast as iftar. Muslims break de fast plus dates den water before de maghrib prayer, after wich dem fi eat a more wholesome meal.

Spiritual aspect

Dem prescribe fasting to all Muslims as a form of religious obligation for overcoming dema lust den desires within a reasonable limit so dat one fi control einself den prevent becoming a slave to dema appetites. De Qur'an dey state dat if humans no fi prevent demaselves from desires then dem no fi achieve salvation:

As for him who fears to stand before his Lord and restrains himself from low desires, Paradise is surely the abode.

— Quran; 79:40–41

Muslims dey abstain from a permissible norm of daily life secof de command of Allah so e go strengthen one ein self-control den dey increase consciousness of de Lord. Dem no prescribe am as a punishment for people anaa make e inflict burdensome practices. Ebe a moral den spiritual training wey ein underlying idea be make e teach moderation den spiritual discipline so dat human temptations no go surpass de moral disciplines dem implement insyd Islam. Furthermore, fasting be mandatory for a definite period of time per wey e no dey promote total renunciation from de appetite of de flesh. Eating, drinking, den sexual intercourse cam turn permissible give a human for de end of de fast. Der fore, Islamic fasting dey aim at make e promote proper limits within ein natural bounds.

Health effects

Islamic fasting, as a time-restricted eating habit wey dey invert de normal human day-night routine for observance, fi get deleterious health effects on sleep patterns den general health. Fasting insyd Ramadan show e dey alter de sleep patterns[17] den de associated hormone production.

Statistical comparison of thousands of school kiddies, part of whom na dem born widout de month of Ramadan during pregnancy den part of whom wer Ramadan coincide plus de pregnancy, reveal lower cognitive capability, den lower growth insyd adolescence if na de mommie observe Ramadan fasting during pregnancy. Kiddies wey dema mommies fast during Ramadan sanso get a higher incidence of chaw chronic diseases, e.g. Type 2 diabetes[18] (spy de ruling wey dey regard fasting pregnant women).

Fasting be one of de alternatives dem prove make e reduce de DPP-4 level den activate de dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors wey so, dey prevent osteoporosis. For de oda hand, de circadian rhythm get a direct relationship plus osteoporosis. Na dem find dis by de biochemical markers, wey dey indicate dat fasting for certain hours of de day, especially during those hours of de day wich na dem recommend as part of de Muslim tradition (Islamic fasting), be very effective in reducing de effects of osteoporosis.[19]

Na de education departments of Berlin den de United Kingdom try make dem discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as dem claim say if dem no chop anaa drink fi lead to concentration problems den bad grades.[20][21] Dem sanso associate Ramadan fasting plus loss of workplace productivity by 35 to 50%.[22][23]

Chaw of de purported health benefits dem associate plus Ramadan fasting dey take into account abstinence from food per while dem dey ignore de lack of water intake, wich fi be a harmful impact even insyd healthy individuals.[24] Insyd chaw cultures, ebe associated plus heavy chow den water intake during Suhur den Iftar times, wich fi do more harm dan good.

Ramadan fasting be safe give healthy people provided say overall chow den water intake be adequate, buh those plus medical conditions for seek medical advice if dem encounter health problems before anaa during fasting.[25] De fasting period be usually associated plus modest weight loss, buh weight fi return afterward.[26]

A review of de literature by an Iranian group suggest fasting during Ramadan fi produce renal injury insyd patients plus moderate (GFR <60 ml/min) anaa severe kidney disease buh na e no be injurious to renal transplant patients plus good function anaa most stone-forming patients.[27] However, since sick den/anaa at-risk individuals be exempted from de obligation of fasting, dem fi skip Ramadan fasting instead.

Ramadan fasting fi be potentially hazardous for pregnant women as e be associated plus risks of inducing labor den dey cause gestational diabetes, although e no appear e dey affect de kiddie ein weight. E be permissible to not fast if e dey threaten de woman ein anaa de kiddie ein lives, however, for chaw instances, pregnant women be normal before de development of complications.[28][29][30][31][32] Thus, e fi be advisable for pregnant women make dem skip fasting den bia fidyah instead (if de women be able make dem bia; dem fi exempt poor people fully).[18]

If one be at risk of dehydration anaa oda medical risks, wich fi lead to serious consequences, then dem permit make dem break one ein fast.[33]

Days

Month of Ramadan

Fasting insyd de month of Ramadan be considered Fard. NaIbn Qudamah say dat der be consensus of de Muslims dat fasting be compulsory insyd de month of Ramadan.[34]

Days of oath

If someone swear or make an oath, for example: "If I graduate plus a good mark, I go fast for three days give Allah" then common belief dey dictate say one for fulfil dis. Dem dey consider dis type of fasting obligatory. Dem consider sinful breaking such an oath.

Days for voluntary fasting

Dey dey encourage Muslims, although no be obliged, such as:

  • Fasting for Mondays den Thursdays.[35]
  • Any 6 days insyd de lunar anaa "Islamic" month of Shawwal be desirable if possible.[36]
  • De White Days, de 13th, 14th, den 15th day of each lunar month (Hijri).
  • De Day of Arafah (9th of Dhu'I-Hijja insyd de Islamic (Hijri) calendar).
  • As often as possible insyd de months of Rajab den Sha'aban before Ramadan.
  • First 9 days of Dhu al-Hijjah insyd de Islamic calendar (buh no be for any wey dey perform Hajj (de pilgrimage).
  • Tasua (9th day) den Ashura (10th day) of Muharram.[37]

Days wen dem forbid fasting

Although dem consider fasting be a pious act insyd Islam, der be times wen dem dey consider fasting prohibited anaa discouraged according to de majority of de Sunni scholars:

  • Eid al-Adha den three days wey dey follow am, secof na Muhammad say "You for no fast dese days. Dem be days of eating den drinking den dey remember Allah", wey Abu Hurairah relate.
  • Eid al-Fitr
  • E sanso be forbidden to single out Fridays den fast every Friday per, as na 'Abdullah b. 'Amr b. al-'As say dat he hear Muhammad say "Verily, Friday be eid (holiday) give you, so make you no fast for am unless you fast de day before anaa after am."
  • Dem dey consider fasting every day of de year non-rewarding; na Muhammad say: "Der be no reward for fasting for de one wey perpetually dey fast." Dem consider dis Hadith authentic by Sunni scholars.[38]

De Quran dey contain no oda prohibition wey dey regard de days of fasting.

Insyd polar regions

Map wey dey show de dates of midnight sun for various latitudes (left) den de total number of nights

Nothing insyd de Quran dey state directly any instruction insyd de polar regions of Earth den fasting; according to de opinion of de Council of senior scholars insyd Saudi Arabia. For polar latitudes, June solstices dey feature de midnight sun wey December solstices get polar night. Dese natural phenomena dey occur secof de Earth ein axis dey tilt toward de Sun insyd summer den away from de Sun insyd winter, wey dey cause de poles make dem be exposed to de Sun ein rays for six months each nonstop. Na de reason chaw of de earliest Muslims no dey experience dese phenomena during Islam ein early days be dat na dem no dey live insyd polar regions buh insyd de subtropics, wer de sun fi be directly overhead wey e dey set for night.

Insyd de Ma'ariful Qur'an na dem say dat de Quran dey state:

(During Ramadan) eat and drink until the white thread of dawn appears to you distinct from its black thread.

— Qur'an, 2:187

Dis result dat fasting be a duty give Muslims per wen days den nights dey exist, otherwise fasting no be necessary.[39]

De Muslims of Svalbard insyd Norway for fast only wen a night dey occur within one 24-hour period. If Ramadan cams insyd June anaa December, dem fi leave fasting den then plete dema fasting insyd de March anaa September equinox, wen days den nights be equalised by de sun insyd Svalbard. Insyd Islamic law dem dey bell am qaḍē.

God intends every facility for you; He does not want to put you in difficulties. (He wants you) to complete the prescribed period, and to glorify Him in that He has guided you, and perchance ye shall be grateful.

— Qur'an, 2:184

References

  1. ↑ "Islam". HISTORY. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  2. ↑ Chittick, William C.; Murata, Sachiko (1994). The vision of Islam. Paragon House. ISBN 9781557785169.
  3. ↑ "Islam - Prayer". Encyclopedia Britannica (in English). Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 IslamReligion.com. "The Fourth Pillar of Islam: The Fast of Ramadan". www.islamreligion.com (in English). Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Islam - Prayer". Encyclopedia Britannica (in English). Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  6. ↑ "Introduction to Translation of Sahih Muslim". www.iium.edu.my. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
  7. ↑ Frey, Wendy (1994). History Alive! The Medieval World and Beyond. Palo Alto: Teacher's Curriculum Institute. ISBN 978-1583719169.
  8. ↑ Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa'imah, vol. 10, p. 246.
  9. ↑ Ramadanali (January 2006). Fasting in Islam and the Month of Ramadan. Tughra Books. ISBN 978-1932099942.
  10. ↑ "Hadith - Book of Fasting - Sunan Ibn Majah - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  11. ↑ [Quran 2:187 (Translated by Shakir)]
  12. ↑ "Sawm: Fasting the Month of Ramadan". islamtomorrow.com.
  13. ↑ Chittick, William C.; Murata, Sachiko (1994). The vision of Islam. Paragon House. ISBN 9781557785169.
  14. ↑ Majmoo' al-Fataawa, 20
  15. ↑ Narrated by al-Daaraqutni, no. 24; classed as Hasan by al-Haafiz in al-Fath, 4/210
  16. ↑ "Al-Fajr As-Sadiq: A New Perspective". Al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013.
  17. ↑ BAHAMMAM, Ahmed (2004). "Effect of fasting during Ramadan on sleep architecture, daytime sleepiness and sleep pattern". Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2 (2): 135–143. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2004.00135.x. ISSN 1446-9235. S2CID 143593355.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 van Ewijk, Reyn (April 2009). "Long-Term Health Effects on the Next Generation of Ramadan Fasting During Pregnancy" (PDF). Centre for Economic Performance. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  19. ↑ Kormi, Seyed Mohammad Amin; Ardehkhani, Shima; Kerachian, Mohammad Amin (Jun 2017). "The Effect of Islamic Fasting in Ramadan on Osteoporosis". Journal of Fasting and Health. 5 (2): 74–77. doi:10.22038/JFH.2017.22955.1086.
  20. ↑ Espinoza, Javier (3 June 2016). "Schools say Muslim students 'should break Ramadan fast' to avoid bad grades". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12.
  21. ↑ Islam und Schule: Handreichung für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer a Berliner Schulen. Bildung für Berlin: Politische Bildung (in German). Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin ZLB. Senatsbibliothek. 2010. OCLC 824393822.
  22. ↑ Hasan, Rumy (3 July 2015). "The costs of Ramadan need to be counted". The Guardian.
  23. ↑ Cook, Erin (19 June 2017). "The Ramadan Productivity Drop And How To Overcome It". Indonesia Expat.
  24. ↑ Popkin, Barry M.; D'Anci, Kristen E.; Rosenberg, Irwin H. (2010). "Water, Hydration and Health". Nutrition Reviews. 68 (8): 439–458. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x. PMC 2908954. PMID 20646222.
  25. ↑ Azizi F (2010). "Islamic fasting and health". Ann. Nutr. Metab. 56 (4): 273–282. doi:10.1159/000295848. PMID 20424438. S2CID 13428042.
  26. ↑ Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ, Haghdoost AA (2014). "Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public Health Nutr. 17 (2): 396–406. doi:10.1017/S1368980012005046. PMC 10282472. PMID 23182306.
  27. ↑ Emami-Naini A, Roomizadeh P, Baradaran A, Abedini A, Abtahi M (August 2013). "Ramadan fasting and patients with renal diseases: A mini-review of the literature". J Res Med Sci. 18 (8). Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences: 711–716. ISSN 1735-1995. PMC 3872613. PMID 24379850.
  28. ↑ Glazier, JD; Hayes, DJL; Hussain, S; D'Souza, SW; Whitcombe, J; Heazell, AEP; Ashton, N (25 October 2018). "The effect of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 18 (1): 421. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-2048-y. PMC 6202808. PMID 30359228.
  29. ↑ Islamic Studies Maldives
  30. ↑ Balani, Jyoti; Hyer, Stephen; Wagner, Marion; Shehata, Hassan (2013). "Obesity, Polycystic Ovaries and Impaired Reproductive Outcome". Obesity. pp. 289–298. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416045-3.00022-4. ISBN 978-0-12-416045-3.
  31. ↑ Mirghani, HM; Hamud, OA (January 2006). "The effect of maternal diet restriction on pregnancy outcome". American Journal of Perinatology. 23 (1): 21–24. doi:10.1055/s-2005-923435. PMID 16450268. S2CID 260001799.
  32. ↑ Faris, Mo'ez Al-Islam E.; Al-Holy, Murad A. (1 April 2014). "Implications of Ramadan intermittent fasting on maternal and fetal health and nutritional status: A review". Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 7 (2): 107–118. doi:10.3233/MNM-140011.
  33. ↑ Sabiq, Sayyid (2010). Fiqih Sunah Sayyid Sabiq, vol. 1 (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: Al-Itishom. pp. 635–7. ISBN 9789793071893.
  34. ↑ "37489" – via Internet Archive.
  35. ↑ "Fasting - IslamTomorrow.com". IslamTomorrow.com. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  36. ↑ "Fasting - IslamTomorrow.com". IslamTomorrow.com. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  37. ↑ "Virtues of fasting on Ashura". Arab News. October 22, 2015.
  38. ↑ "SahihMuslim.Com". www.sahihmuslim.com.
  39. ↑ Ma'ariful Qur'an page 450
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