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Fatimid Caliphate

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Fatimid Caliphate
caliphate, transcontinental country, historical country, Islamic state
Year dem found am909 Edit
Religion anaa worldviewIslam Edit
Participant insydSiege of Alexandria Edit
Dem name afterFatima Edit
Found byAbdullah al-Mahdi Billah Edit
Position held by head of the organizationFatimid Caliph Edit
Official languageArabic Edit
ContinentAsia, Africa, Europe Edit
CapitalMahdia, Al-Mansuriya, Cairo Edit
Office held by head of stateFatimid Caliph Edit
Currencydinar, Dirham Edit
Dey followAbbasid Caliphate, Aghlabids, Egyptian Ikhshidid Emirate Edit
Dey replaceAbbasid Caliphate, Aghlabids, Rustamid dynasty, Idrisid dynasty, Egyptian Ikhshidid Emirate Edit
Language dem useBerber, Arabic, Coptic Edit
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish1171 Edit

De Fatimid Caliphate (/ˈfætɪmɪd/; Arabic: الخلافة الفاطمیّة, romanized: al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya), dem sanso know as de Fatimid Empire, be a caliphate wey exist from de tenth to de twelfth centuries CE under de rule of de Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty. Dey span a large area of North Africa den West Asia, e range from de western Mediterranean insyd de west to de Red Sea insyd de east. De Fatimids trace dema ancestry to de Islamic prophet Muhammad ein daughter Fatima den ein husbie Ali, de first Shi'a imam. De Fatimids be acknowledged as de rightful imams by different Isma'ili communities as well as by denominations insyd chaw oda Muslim lands den adjacent regions.[1][2] Dey start insyd Ifriqiya during de Abbasid Caliphate, de Fatimids overthrow de Aghlabids wey dem extend dema rule across de Mediterranean coast wey dem ultimately make Egypt de center of de caliphate. At ein height, de caliphate include—in addition to Egypt—varying areas of de Maghreb, Sicily, de Levant, den de Hejaz.

Between 902 den 909, de foundation of de Fatimid state be realized under de leadership of da'i (missionary) Abu Abdallah, wey lead Kutama forces in establishing an Isma'ili state den then conquering Aghlabid Ifriqiya, thus dey pave de way for de establishment of de Caliphate.[3][4][5] After de conquest, dem retrieve Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah from Sijilmasa wey dem then accept am as de Imam of de movement, wey cam be de first Caliph den founder of de dynasty insyd 909.[6][7] Insyd 921, dem establish de city of al-Mahdiyya as de capital. Insyd 948, dem shift dema capital to al-Mansuriyya, near Kairouan. Insyd 969, during de reign of al-Mu'izz, dem conquer Egypt, den insyd 973, dem move de caliphate to de newly founded Fatimid capital of Cairo. Egypt cam be de political, cultural, den religious centre of de empire wey e develop a new den "indigenous Arabic culture".[8] After ein initial conquests, de caliphate often allow a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shi'a sects of Islam, as well as to Jews den Christians.[9] However, ein leaders make little headway in persuading de Egyptian population to adopt ein religious beliefs.[10]

After de reigns of al-'Aziz den al-Hakim, de long reign of al-Mustansir entrench a regime insyd wich de caliph remain aloof from state affairs den viziers take on greater importance.[11] Political den ethnic factionalism within de army lead to a civil war insyd de 1060s, wich threaten de empire ein survival.[12] After a period of revival during de tenure of de vizier Badr al-Jamali, de Fatimid caliphate decline rapidly during de late eleventh den twelfth centuries.[13] In addition to internal difficulties, de caliphate be weakened by de encroachment of de Seljuk Turks into Syria insyd de 1070s den de arrival of de Crusaders insyd de Levant insyd 1097.[12] Insyd 1171, Saladin abolish de dynasty ein rule wey he found de Ayyubid dynasty, wich incorporate Egypt back into de nominal sphere of authority of de Abbasid Caliphate.[14][15]

Dynasty

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Caliphs

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  1. Abu Muhammad Abdallah al-Mahdi bi'llah (909–934), founder of de Fatimid dynasty[16]
  2. Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah (934–946)[16]
  3. Abu Tahir Isma'il al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (946–953)[16]
  4. Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (953–975). Dem conquer Egypt during ein reign.[16]
  5. Abu Mansur Nizar al-'Aziz bi-llah (975–996)[16]
  6. Abu Ali al-Mansur al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1021). Dem found de Druze religion during ein lifetime.[16]
  7. Abu'l-Hasan Ali al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah (1021–1036)[16]
  8. Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mustansir bi-llah (1036–1094).[16] Quarrels over ein succession lead to de Nizari split.
  9. Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad al-Musta'li bi-llah (1094–1101)[16]
  10. Abu Ali Mansur al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (1101–1130).[16] Dem no dey recognize de Fatimid rulers of Egypt after am as Imams by Mustaali/Taiyabi Ismailis.
  11. Abu'l-Maymun Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz li-Din Allah (1130–1149).[16] Dem found de Hafizi sect wey Al-Hafiz as Imam.
  12. Abu Mansur Isma'il al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah (1149–1154)[16]
  13. Abu'l-Qasim Isa al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah (1154–1160)[16]
  14. Abu Muhammad Abdallah al-'Adid li-Din Allah (1160–1171)[17][16]

Consorts

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  1. Rasad, wifey of de seventh caliph Ali al-Zahir den mommie of de eighth caliph al-Mustansir bi-llah.[18]

Important figures

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List of important figures:

  • Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i (d. After 911)
  • Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani (d. After 971)
  • Al-Qadi al-Nu'man (d. 974)
  • Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani (d. After 1020)
  • Hakim Nasir-i Khusraw (d. After 1070)
  • Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1078)
  • Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya (dem sanso know as Durzan)

References

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  1. ↑ Daftary, 1990, pp. 144–273, 615–59; Canard, 1965, pp. 850–862.
  2. ↑ Lascoste (1984). Ibn Khaldun: The Birth of History and the Past of the Third World. Verso. p. 67. ISBN 978-0860917892. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  3. ↑ "Governance and Pluralism under the Fatimids (909–996 CE)". The Institute of Ismaili Studies. Archived from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  4. ↑ Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century (in English). ABC-CLIO. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-37982-6. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Fage, J. D. (1958). An Atlas of African History (in English). E. Arnold. p. 11. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  6. ↑ Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa (in English). Gale. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-4144-4883-1. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  7. ↑ American University Foreign Area Studies (1979). Algeria, a Country Study (in English). Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, Department of the Army. p. 15. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Julia Ashtiany; T.M. Johnstone; J.D. Latham; R.B. Serjeant; G. Rex Smith, eds. (1990). Abbasid Belles Lettres. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-521-24016-1. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2018. ... it was at this time that an indigenous Arabic culture was developed in Egypt, and Arab Egypt, so to speak, came of age to the extent that it was able to rival older centres like Baghdad as a seat of learning and intellectual activity.
  9. ↑ Wintle, Justin (2003). History of Islam. London: Rough Guides. pp. 136–37. ISBN 978-1-84353-018-3.
  10. ↑ Robert, Tignor (2011). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart (3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-393-11968-8.
  11. ↑ Brett 2017.
  12. 1 2 Halm 2014.
  13. ↑ Brett 2017, p. 207.
  14. ↑ Baer, Eva (1983). Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art. SUNY Press. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0791495575. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2015. In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the caliphate was dissolved and the Fatimid dynasty was overthrown by Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the Abbasid caliphate and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.
  15. ↑ Brett 2017, p. 294.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Fatimids". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual (in English). Edinburgh University Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-0748696482.
  17. ↑ Wilson B. Bishai (1968). Islamic History of the Middle East: Backgrounds, Development, and Fall of the Arab Empire. Allyn and Bacon. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020. Nevertheless, the Seljuqs of Syria kept the Crusaders occupied for several years until the reign of the last Fatimid Caliph al-Adid (1160–1171) when, in the face of a Crusade threat, the caliph appointed a warrior of the Seljuq regime by the name of Shirkuh to be his chief minister.
  18. ↑ Delia Cortese and Simonetta Calderini (2006), Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam, pp. 111–14.
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