French Algeria

French Algeria

colony, former entity

Year dem found am	1832
Native label	Algérie française
Official language	French, Arabic, Berber
Continent	Africa
Country	France
Capital	Algiers
Coordinate location	36°46′0″N 3°3′0″E
Currency	Algerian franc
Dey replace	Sultanate of Tuggurt, Sharifian Empire
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish	5 July 1962
Coat of arms	Emblem of Algeria
Category for maps or plans	Category:Maps of French Algeria

French Algeria (French: Alger til 1839, then Algérie afterwards; unofficially Algérie française; Arabic: الجزائر المستعمرة), dem sanso know as Colonial Algeria, na e be de period of Algerian history wen na de country be a colony den later an integral part of France. Na French rule last til de end of de Algerian War wich result in Algeria gain independence on 5 July 1962.

Na de French conquest of Algeria begin insyd 1830 plus de invasion of Algiers wich topple de Regency of Algiers, though na Algeria no be fully conquered den pacified til 1903. E be estimated dat by 1875, approximately na 825,000 indigenous Algerians be killed. Na various scholars describe de French conquest as genocide. Na Algeria be ruled as a colony from 1830 to 1848, den then as multiple departments, an integral part of France, plus de implementing of de Constitution of French Second Republic on 4 November 1848, til Algerian independence insyd 1962. After a trip to Algiers insyd 1860, de then-French emperor Napoleon III cam be keen on establishing a client kingdom wich na he go rule insyd a personal union, wey dey expand freedoms for de indigenous population den dey limit colonisation (a stance wich na he hope go strengthen France ein footing insyd de Muslim world, buh wich na be unpopular plus de local European settlers). Dis project go go nowhere however, den de newly-established Third Republic go scrap any plans for Algerian regional autonomy, even dey seek make e strengthen ein hold by granting citizenship to Algeria ein native Jewish population insyd wat na be described as an example of divide den rule.

As a recognized jurisdiction of France, na Algeria cam be a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants. Na dem be first known as colons, den later as pieds-noirs, a term dem apply primarily to ethnic Europeans born insyd Algeria. Na de indigenous Muslim population comprise de majority of de territory thru out ein history. Gradually, na dissatisfaction among de Muslim population, secof dema lack of political den economic freedom, fuel calls for greater political autonomy, den eventually independence from France. De Sétif den Guelma massacre, insyd 1945, mark a point of no return insyd Franco-Algerian relations wey na lead to de outbreak of de Algerian War wich na be characterised by de use of guerrilla warfare by National Liberation Front, den crimes against humanity by de French. Na de war end insyd 1962, wey Algeria gain independence dey follow de Évian Accords insyd March 1962 den a self-determination referendum insyd July 1962.

During ein last years as part of France, na Algeria be a founding member of de European Coal and Steel Community den de European Economic Community.

History

Initial conflicts

Purchase of Christian slaves by French monks insyd Algiers insyd 1662

Since de capture of Algiers insyd 1516 by de Ottoman admirals, bros Oruc den Hayreddin Barbarossa, na Algeria be a base for conflict den piracy insyd de Mediterranean basin. Insyd 1681, na French King Louis XIV ask Admiral Abraham Duquesne make he fight de Berber pirates. He sanso order a large-scale attack on Algiers between 1682 den 1683 on de pretext of assisting den rescuing enslaved Christians, usually Europeans wey dem take as captives insyd raids. Jean II d'Estrées san bombard Tripoli den Algiers from 1685 to 1688. Na an ambassador from Algiers visit de Court insyd Versailles, wey na dem sign a treaty insyd 1690 wey na e provide peace thru out de 18th century.

During de Directory regime of de First French Republic (1795–99), na de Bacri den de Busnach, Jewish merchants of Algiers, provide large quantities of grain for Napoleon ein soldiers wey participate insyd de Italian campaign of 1796–1797. Buh na Bonaparte refuse make he pay de bill, wey na he dey claim e be excessive. Insyd 1820, na Louis XVIII pay back half of de Directory ein debts. De Dey, wey na e loan de Bacri 250,000 francs, request de rest of de money from France.

French conquest of Algeria

De French colonial empire insyd 1920

Na de invasion of Algeria against de Regency of Algiers (Ottoman Algeria) be initiated insyd de last days of de Bourbon Restoration by Charles X, as an attempt make he increase ein popularity amongst de French people. Na he particularly hope make he appeal to de many veterans of de Napoleonic Wars wey lived insyd Paris. Na ein intention be make he bolster patriotic sentiment, den distract attention from ineptly handled domestic policies by "skirmishing against de dey."

Fly Whisk Incident (April 1827)

Insyd de 1790s, na France contract make e purchase wheat give de French army from two merchants insyd Algiers, Messrs. Bacri den Boushnak, wey na e dey in arrears paying dem. Na Bacri den Boushnak owe money to de dey wey na dem claim dem no fi pay am til France pay ein debts to dem. Na de dey unsuccessfully negotiate plus Pierre Deval, de French consul, make he rectify dis situation, wey na he suspect Deval of collaborating plus de merchants against am, especially wen de French government make no provisions insyd 1820 make dem pay de merchants. Na Deval ein nephew Alexandre, de consul insyd Bône, further anger de dey by fortifying French storehouses insyd Bône den La Calle, contrary to de terms of prior agreements.

Invasion of Algiers (June 1830)

De attack of Admiral Duperré during de take-over of Algiers insyd 1830

Fighting at de gates of Algiers insyd 1830

Ornate Ottoman cannon, length: 385cm, cal:178mm, weight: 2910, stone projectile, dem found 8 October 1581 insyd Algiers, wey France seize at Algiers insyd 1830. Musée de l'Armée, Paris

Na Pierre Deval den oda French residents of Algiers lef for France, while na de Minister of War, Clermont-Tonnerre, propose a military expedition. However, na de Count of Villèle, an ultra-royalist, Presido of de council den de monarch ein heir, oppose any military action. Na de Bourbon Restoration government finally decide make e blockade Algiers for three years. Meanwhile, na de Berber pirates be able to exploit de geography of de coast plus ease. Before de failure of de blockade, na de Restoration decide on 31 January 1830 make e engage a military expedition against Algiers.

Characterization as genocide

Na sam governments den scholars call France ein conquest of Algeria a genocide.

For example, na Ben Kiernan, an Australian expert on Cambodian genocide wrep insyd Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur on de French conquest of Algeria:

By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830. A long shadow of genocidal hatred persisted, provoking a French author to protest in 1882 that in Algeria, "we hear it repeated every day that we must expel the native and, if necessary, destroy him." As a French statistical journal urged five years later, "the system of extermination must give way to a policy of penetration." —Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil

Wen na France recognize de Armenian genocide, Turkey accuse France of having committed genocide against 15% of Algeria ein population.

French rule

Demography

Algeria's population under de French
→ Demographics of Algeria#Population (after 1962)

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1830 3,000,000 —     1851 2,554,100 −0.76% 1856 2,496,100 −0.46% 1862 2,999,100 +3.11% 1866 2,921,200 −0.66% 1872 2,894,500 −0.15% 1877 2,867,600 −0.19% 1882 3,310,400 +2.91% 1886 3,867,000 +3.96% 1892 4,174,700 +1.28% 1896 4,479,000 +1.77%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1900 4,675,000 +1.08% 1901 4,739,300 +1.38% 1906 5,231,900 +2.00% 1911 5,563,800 +1.24% 1921 5,804,300 +0.42% 1930e 6,453,000 +1.18% 1940e 7,614,000 +1.67% 1947 8,302,000 +1.24% 1948 8,681,800 +4.57% 1949 8,602,000 −0.92% 1950 8,753,000 +1.76%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1951 8,927,000 +1.99% 1952 9,126,000 +2.23% 1953 9,370,000 +2.67% 1954 9,529,700 +1.70% 1955 9,678,000 +1.56% 1956 9,903,000 +2.32% 1958 10,127,000 +1.12% 1959 10,575,000 +4.42% 1960 10,853,000 +2.63% 1962 10,920,000 +0.31%
e – Indicates that this is an estimated figure. Source:

Algérie française

Na Algérie française be a slogan dem use about 1960 by those French people wey na dem want make dem keep Algeria ruled by France. Literally "French Algeria", e dey mean dat de na de three départements of Algeria to be considered integral parts of France. By integral parts, e dey mean dat dem get dema deputies (representatives) insyd de French National Assembly, den so on. Further, na de people of Algeria wey na dem for be permitted to vote for de deputies go be those wey universally accept French law, rada dan sharia (wich na dem use insyd personal cases among Algerian Muslims under laws wey dey date back to Napoleon III), wey na such people be predominantly of French origin anaa Jewish origin. Na chaw wey use dis slogan be returnees.

References

Sources

• Blévis, Laure (2003). "La citoyenneté française au miroir de la colonisation : étude des demandes de naturalisation des " sujets français " en Algérie coloniale". Genèses (in French). 53 (4): 25. doi:10.3917/gen.053.0025. ISSN 1155-3219.
• Collot, Claude (1987). Les Institutions de l'Algérie durant la période coloniale: 1830-1962. Cahiers du Centre de recherches et d'études sur les sociétés méditerranéennes (in French). Paris; Alger: Éd. du CNRS Office des publications universitaires. ISBN 978-2-222-03957-0.
• Horne, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York Review (published 2006). pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6.
• Sahia Cherchari, Mohamed (December 2004). "Indigènes et citoyens ou l'impossible universalisation du suffrage". Revue française de droit constitutionnel (in French). 60 (4): 741–770. doi:10.3917/rfdc.060.0741. ISSN 1151-2385.

• Thénault, Sylvie (2012). "Le « code de l'indigénat »". In Bouchène, Abderrahmane (ed.). Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale (1830-1962) (in French). Paris : Alger: Découverte; Barzakh. pp. 200–206. ISBN 978-2-7071-7326-3. OCLC 810121260.
• Tocqueville, Alexis de (2022) [1847]. Travels in Algeria, the United Empire Loyalists. Lund, BC, Canada: Tikhanov Library. ISBN 978-1-998070-11-4.
• Weil, Patrick (2002). Qu'est-ce qu'un Français? histoire de la nationalité française depuis la Révolution [How to Be French: Nationality in the Making since 1789] (in French). Paris: Grasset (Duke University Press). ISBN 978-2-246-60571-3.
• Weil, Patrick (November 2005). "Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale: Une nationalité française dénaturée". Histoire de la justice (in French). 16 (1): 93–109. doi:10.3917/rhj.016.0093. ISSN 1639-4399.

Read further

• Ageron, Charles-Robert (1979). Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine (in French). Vol. De l'insurrection de 1871 au déclenchement de la guerre de libération, 1954. Presses Universitaires de France. BnF346270649. (a ground-breaking work on the historiography of French colonialism)
• Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. (1994). Algeria: a country study. Area handbook series (5th ed.). Washington, D.C: Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8444-0831-6.
• Aussaresses, Paul (2014). The battle of the Casbah: terrorism and counter-terrorism in Algeria 1955-1957. New York, NY: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-30-8.
• Bennoune, Mahfoud (1990). The making of contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987: colonial upheavals and post-independence development. Cambridge Middle East library. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30150-3.
• Gallois, William (2013). A history of violence in the early Algerian colony. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-29431-8.

• Horne, Alistair (1978). A savage war of peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-61964-1.
• McDougall, James (2017). A history of Algeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85164-0.
• McDougall, James (2006). History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria. Cambridge Middle East studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84373-7. OCLC 61879728.
• Le Cour Grandmaison, Olivier (2005). Coloniser, exterminer: sur la guerre et l'état colonial (in French). Paris, France: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-62316-0.
• Roberts, Sophie B. (2017). Citizenship and antisemitism in french colonial Algeria, 1870-1962. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-18815-0.
• Roberts, Stephen H. (1929). History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925). Vol. I. Westminster: P. S. King & Son.

• Roberts, Stephen H. (1929). History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925). Vol. II. Westminster: P. S. King & Son.
• Sessions, Jennifer E. (2015). By sword and plow: France and the conquest of Algeria. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5446-2.; Cultural History
• Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830-2000: a short history. Translated by Todd, Jane Marie. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3715-1.
• Vandervort, Bruce (2012). "French conquest of Algeria (1830–1847)". In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The encyclopedia of war. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9037-4.
• Schaub, Nicolas (2015). Représenter l'Algérie: images et conquête au XIXe siècle. L'art & l'essai (in French). Vol. 15. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS). ISBN 978-2-7355-0845-7.
• Cointet, Michèle (1995). De Gaulle et l'Algérie française, 1958-1962 (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-00077-6. OCLC 34406158.

• Bouchène, Abderrahmane, ed. (2012). "L'invention de l'« indigène », Français non citoyen". Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale (1830-1962) (in French). Paris : Alger: Découverte; Barzakh. pp. 212–218. doi:10.3917/dec.bouch.2013.01.0212. ISBN 978-2-7071-7326-3. OCLC 810121260.
• Gallissot, René (2011-06-30). "Les effets paradoxaux de la catégorie " d'origine indigène "". Colloque International sur l'Histoire de la Révolution Algérienne (in French). 5 (1): 17–31. ISSN 2588-2317.
• Weil, Patrick (2003). Le statut des musulmans en Algérie coloniale : une nationalité française dénaturée (Thesis). HEC Working Papers (in French) European University Institute. hdl:1814/1353. (on the legal statuses of Muslim populations in Algeria)

External links

• 1940~1962 Newsreel archives about French Algeria (from French National Audiovisiual Institute INA)
• Benjamin Stora on French Colonialism and Algeria Today! (from French Communist Party's newspaper L'Humanité)