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Gastroenteritis

From Wikipedia
gastroenteritis
type of disease, signs den symptoms
Subclass ofgastrointestinal system disease, digestive sign Edit
Has causeRotavirus, Campylobacter, norovirus Edit
Health specialtygastroenterology Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmenterythromycin, ondansetron, ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen Edit
ICD-9-CM558.9 Edit

Gastroenteritis, dem sanso know as infectious diarrhea, be an inflammation of de gastrointestinal tract wey dey include de stomach den intestine.[1] Symptoms fi include diarrhea, vomiting, den abdominal pain.[2] Fever, lack of energy, den dehydration sanso fi occur.[3][4] Dis typically dey last less dan two weeks.[1] Although e no be related to influenza, insyd Canada den de United States e often be referred to as "stomach flu".[5]

Gastroenteritis usually be caused by viruses;[6] however, gut bacteria, parasites, den fungi sanso fi cause gastroenteritis.[3][6] Insyd kiddies, rotavirus be de most common cause of severe disease.[7] Insyd adults, norovirus den Campylobacter be common causes.[8][9] Dey chop improperly prepared chow, drinking contaminated water anaa close contact plus a person wey be infected fi spread de disease.[3] Treatment be generally de same plus anaa widout a definitive diagnosis, so testing to confirm usually no be needed.[3]

For young kiddies insyd impoverished countries, prevention dey include hand washing plus soap, drinking clean water, breastfeeding babies instead of using formula,[3] den proper disposal of human waste. De rotavirus vaccine be recommended as a prevention give kiddies.[3][7] Treatment dey involve getting enough fluids.[3] For mild anaa moderate cases, dis typically fi be achieved by drinking oral rehydration solution (a combination of water, salts den sugar).[3] Insyd those wey be breastfed, continued breastfeeding be recommended.[3] For more severe cases, intravenous fluids fi be needed.[3] Fluids sanso fi be given by a nasogastric tube.[10] Zinc supplementation be recommended insyd kiddies.[3] Antibiotics be generally no be needed.[11] However, antibiotics be recommended for young kiddies plus a fever den bloody diarrhea.[2]

Insyd 2015, na der be two billion cases of gastroenteritis, wey dey result in 1.3 million deaths globally.[12][13] Kiddies den those insyd de developing world be affected de most.[14] Insyd 2011, na der be about 1.7 billion cases, wey dey result in about 700,000 deaths of kiddies under de age of five.[15] Insyd de developing world, kiddies less dan two years of age frequently get six anaa more infections a year.[16] E be less common insyd adults, partly secof de development of immunity.[17]

References

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  1. 1 2 Schlossberg, David (2015). Clinical infectious disease (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-107-03891-2. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  2. 1 2 Singh, Amandeep (July 2010). "Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice Acute Gastroenteritis — An Update". Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice. 7 (7).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ciccarelli, S; Stolfi, I; Caramia, G (29 October 2013). "Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis". Infection and Drug Resistance. 6: 133–61. doi:10.2147/IDR.S12718. PMC 3815002. PMID 24194646.
  4. ↑ Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. p. 479. ISBN 978-0-323-08430-7. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  5. ↑ Shors, Teri (2013). The microbial challenge: a public health perspective (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-4496-7333-8. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  6. 1 2 A. Helms, Richard (2006). Textbook of therapeutics: drug and disease management (8 ed.). Philadelphia [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7817-5734-8. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  7. 1 2 Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Steele AD, Duque J, Parashar UD (February 2012). "2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 136–41. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5. PMID 22030330.
  8. ↑ Marshall JA, Bruggink LD (April 2011). "The dynamics of norovirus outbreak epidemics: recent insights". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (4): 1141–9. doi:10.3390/ijerph8041141. PMC 3118882. PMID 21695033.
  9. ↑ Man SM (December 2011). "The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 8 (12): 669–85. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.191. PMID 22025030. S2CID 24103030.
  10. ↑ Webb, A; Starr, M (April 2005). "Acute gastroenteritis in children". Australian Family Physician. 34 (4): 227–31. PMID 15861741.
  11. ↑ Zollner-Schwetz, I; Krause, R (August 2015). "Therapy of acute gastroenteritis: role of antibiotics". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 21 (8): 744–9. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.002. PMID 25769427.
  12. ↑ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  13. ↑ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  14. ↑ Webber, Roger (2009). Communicable disease epidemiology and control: a global perspective (3rd ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: Cabi. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-84593-504-7. Archived from the original on 2015-10-26.
  15. ↑ Walker, CL; Rudan, I; Liu, L; Nair, H; Theodoratou, E; Bhutta, ZA; O'Brien, KL; Campbell, H; Black, RE (Apr 20, 2013). "Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea". Lancet. 381 (9875): 1405–16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6. PMC 7159282. PMID 23582727.
  16. ↑ Dolin, Raphael; Mandell, Gerald L.; Bennett, John E., eds. (2010). "Chapter 93". Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3.
  17. ↑ Eckardt AJ, Baumgart DC (January 2011). "Viral gastroenteritis in adults". Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery. 6 (1): 54–63. doi:10.2174/157489111794407877. PMID 21210762.
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