Giardiasis
| Subclass of | parasitic protozoa infectious disease, waterborne disease, disease  |
|---|---|
| Dem name after | Alfred Mathieu Giard |
| Has cause | Giardia lamblia |
| Health specialty | infectious diseases, gastroenterology |
| Medical examination | optical microscope, ELISA, immunofluorescence microscopy |
| Disease transmission process | fecal–oral route |
| Has natural reservoir | human |
| ICD-9-CM | 007.1 |
Giardiasis be a parasitic disease wey de protist enteropathogen Giardia duodenalis (dem sanso know as G. lamblia den G. intestinalis) cause, especially common insyd kiddies den travelers.[1][2] Infected individuals dey experience steatorrhea, a type of diarrhea plus fatty sticky stool; abdominal pain, weight loss, den weakness secof dehydration den malabsorption.[3] Less common symptoms dey include skin rash, hives den joint swelling.[3] Symptoms usually dey begin one to three weeks after exposure den, widout treatment, fi last two to six weeks anaa longer.[4] Sam infected individuals dey experience mild anaa no symptoms den remain symptom-free even if de infection persist for a long time.[5]
Giardiasis dey spread via de fecal-oral route, wen Giardia cysts excrete plus feces contaminate chow anaa water wey later be consumed orally.[3] De disease sanso fi spread between people den between people den animals, mainly via pets.[3][6][7] Cysts fi survive for nearly three months insyd cold water.[3]
De microscopic identification of Giardia den ein cysts insyd fecal samples be considered de gold standard method for diagnosing giardiasis.[8] Immunoassays, such as ELISA den PCR for giardia gene loci, sanso be available as diagnostic tools, although no be widely used secof methods complexity den costs.[8]
Prevention fi be improved thru proper personal hygiene practices den by cooking den sanitizing chow.[3] Asymptomatic cases often no dey hia treatment. Wen symptoms be present, treatment typically be provided plus either tinidazole anaa metronidazole.[3] Oda drugs, such as nitazoxanide, albendazole, quinacrine, chloroquine, paromomycin, den oda drug combinations sanso be used insyd clinics.[9] Refractory giardiasis den resistant strains be reported more den more often.[10] Infection fi cause a person make e cam be lactose intolerant, so e be recommended to temporarily avoid lactose dey follow an infection anaa use lactase supplements.[3]
Giardiasis dey occur worldwide.[11] E be one of de most common parasitic human diseases.[1] Infection rates be as high as 7% insyd de developed world den 30% insyd de developing world.[3] Insyd 2013, der be approximately 280 million people worldwide plus symptomatic cases of giardiasis.[1] De World Health Organization dey classify giardiasis as a neglected disease.[3] E be popularly known as beaver fever[12] insyd North America.
References
[edit | edit source]- 1 2 3 Esch KJ, Petersen CA (January 2013). "Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 26 (1): 58–85. doi:10.1128/CMR.00067-12. PMC 3553666. PMID 23297259.
- ↑ Buret, A.G. (September 2008). "Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalis". Parasite. 15 (3): 261–265. doi:10.1051/parasite/2008153261. ISSN 1252-607X. PMID 18814692.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Minetti C, Chalmers RM, Beeching NJ, Probert C, Lamden K (October 2016). "Giardiasis" (PDF). BMJ. 355 i5369. doi:10.1136/bmj.i5369. PMID 27789441. S2CID 220092781. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-11-06. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
- ↑ "Giardia. Illness and symptoms". CDC. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Giardiasis fact sheet". www.health.nsw.gov.au (in English). Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ↑ Heyworth MF (2016). "Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts". Parasite. 23: 13. doi:10.1051/parasite/2016013. PMC 4794627. PMID 26984116. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
- ↑ Cacciò, Simone M.; Lalle, Marco; Svärd, Staffan G. (December 2018). "Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex". Infection, Genetics and Evolution (in English). 66: 335–345. Bibcode:2018InfGE..66..335C. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.001. PMID 29225147.
- 1 2 Vicente, Bruno; Freitas, Anna De; Freitas, Marcus; Midlej, Victor (2024-02-07). "Systematic Review of Diagnostic Approaches for Human Giardiasis: Unveiling Optimal Strategies". Diagnostics (in English). 14 (4): 364. doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040364. ISSN 2075-4418. PMC 10887752. PMID 38396402.
- ↑ Lalle, Marco; Hanevik, Kurt (2018-10-24). "Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions". Infection and Drug Resistance (in English). 11: 1921–1933. doi:10.2147/IDR.S141468. PMC 6207226. PMID 30498364.
- ↑ Nabarro, L. E. B.; Lever, R. A.; Armstrong, M.; Chiodini, P. L. (2015-08-01). "Increased incidence of nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London: 2008–2013". Clinical Microbiology and Infection (in English). 21 (8): 791–796. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.019. ISSN 1198-743X. PMID 25975511.
- ↑ "Giardiasis". cdc.gov. December 9, 2017. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ↑ "Giardiasis (beaver fever)". New York State Department of Health. January 2022. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
External links
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