Glioblastoma
| Glioblastoma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Glioblastoma multiforme, grade IV astrocytoma |
 | |
| Coronal Magnetic resonance imaging plus contrast of a glioblastoma insyd a 15-year-old male | |
| Specialty | Oncology, neurosurgery |
| Symptoms | Initially nonspecific, headaches, personality changes, nausea, symptoms similar to a stroke[1] |
| Usual onset | ~ 64 years old[2][3] |
| Causes | Usually unclear[2] |
| Risk factors | Genetic disorders (neurofibromatosis, Li–Fraumeni syndrome), previous radiation therapy[2][3] |
| Diagnostic method | CT scan, MRI scan, tissue biopsy[1] |
| Prevention | Unknown[3] |
| Treatment | Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation[3] |
| Medication | Temozolomide, steroids[1][4] |
| Prognosis | Life expectancy ~ 14 months plus treatment (5 year survival <7%)[2][5] |
| Frequency | 3 per 100,000 per year[3] |
Glioblastoma, dem sanso know am as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), be de most aggressive type of cancer wey dey begin within de brain.[6] Initially, signs den symptoms of glioblastoma be nonspecific.[1] Dem fi include headaches, personality changes, nausea den symptoms similar to those of a stroke.[1] Symptoms often dey worsen rapidly wey fi progress to unconsciousness.[2]
De cause of chaw cases of glioblastoma no be known.[2] Uncommon risk factors dey include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis den Li–Fraumeni syndrome, den previous radiation therapy.[2][3] Glioblastomas dey represent 15% of all brain tumors.[1] Dem fi either start from normal brain cells anaa develop from an existing low-grade astrocytoma.[7] Dem typically make diagnosis by a combination of a CT scan, MRI scan den tissue biopsy.[1]
Der be no known method of preventing de cancer.[3] Treatment usually dey involve surgery, after wich dem dey use chemotherapy den radiation therapy.[3] Dem frequently dey use de medication temozolomide as part of chemotherapy.[3][4][8] Dem fi use high-dose steroids make e help reduce swelling den decrease symptoms.[1] Greater surgical removal of de tumor be linked to longer survival.[9]
Despite maximum treatment, de cancer usually dey recur.[3] De typical duration of survival following diagnosis be 12 to 15 months, plus fewer dan 3 to 7% of people wey dey survive longer dan five years.[2][5] Widout treatment, survival be typically three months.[10] E be de most common cancer wey dey begin within de brain den de second-most common brain tumor, after meningioma.[6][11] About 3 insyd 100,000 people dey develop de disease per year.[3] E most often dey begin around 64 years of age den dey occur more commonly insyd males dan females.[2][3] Dem dey study Immunotherapy as treatment give de cancer.[12]
Pathogenesis
[edit | edit source]Glioblastoma classification
[edit | edit source]| Synonyms | Glioblastoma, GBM |
| Cell of origin | Astrocyte |
| Median age at diagnosis | ~62 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 1.42:1 |
| Median length of clinical history at diagnosis | 4 months |
| Median overall survival | |
| Surgery + radiotherapy | 9.9 months |
| Surgery + radiotherapy + chemotherapy | 15 months |
| Location | Usually supratentorial, rarely cerebellum anaa spine |
| Necrosis and microvascular proliferation | Extensive |
| Associated molecular/genetic mutations | TERT promoter mutation, combined gain of chromosome 7 den loss of chromosome 10; EGFR amplification |
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Young RM, Jamshidi A, Davis G, Sherman JH (June 2015). "Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma". Annals of Translational Medicine. 3 (9): 121. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.05.10. PMC 4481356. PMID 26207249.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 "Chapter 5.16". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-9283204299.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Gallego O (August 2015). "Nonsurgical treatment of recurrent glioblastoma". Current Oncology. 22 (4): e273-81. doi:10.3747/co.22.2436. PMC 4530825. PMID 26300678.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hart MG, Garside R, Rogers G, Stein K, Grant R (April 2013). "Temozolomide for high grade glioma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD007415. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007415.pub2. PMC 6457743. PMID 23633341.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Gittleman H, Patil N, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS (November 2019). "CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2012-2016". Neuro-Oncology. 21 (Supplement_5): v1–v100. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noz150. PMC 6823730. PMID 31675094.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bleeker FE, Molenaar RJ, Leenstra S (May 2012). "Recent advances in the molecular understanding of glioblastoma". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 108 (1): 11–27. doi:10.1007/s11060-011-0793-0. PMC 3337398. PMID 22270850.
- ↑ "Chapter 3.8". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-9283204299.
- ↑ Khosla D (February 2016). "Concurrent therapy to enhance radiotherapeutic outcomes in glioblastoma". Annals of Translational Medicine. 4 (3): 54. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2016.01.25. PMC 4740000. PMID 26904576.
- ↑ Van Meir EG, Hadjipanayis CG, Norden AD, Shu HK, Wen PY, Olson JJ (2010). "Exciting new advances in neuro-oncology: the avenue to a cure for malignant glioma". Ca. 60 (3): 166–93. doi:10.3322/caac.20069. PMC 2888474. PMID 20445000.
- ↑ Schapira, Anthony H.V. (2007). Neurology and clinical neuroscience. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. p. 1336. ISBN 9780323070539. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
- ↑ McNeill KA (November 2016). "Epidemiology of Brain Tumors". Neurologic Clinics. 34 (4): 981–998. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.014. PMID 27720005.
- ↑ "With Immunotherapy, Glimmers of Progress against Glioblastoma". National Cancer Institute. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ↑ Louis, David N; Perry, Arie; Wesseling, Pieter; Brat, Daniel J; Cree, Ian A; Figarella-Branger, Dominique; Hawkins, Cynthia; Ng, H K; Pfister, Stefan M; Reifenberger, Guido; Soffietti, Riccardo; von Deimling, Andreas; Ellison, David W (2 August 2021). "The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary". Neuro-Oncology. 23 (8): 1231–1251. doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab106. PMC 8328013. PMID 34185076.
External links
[edit | edit source]
- Information about glioblastoma Archived 5 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine from de American Brain Tumor Association
